Abstract
Four subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) filled with different substrates including ceramsite, ceramsite+pyrite, ceramsite+ferrous sulfide, and ceramsite+pyrite+ferrous sulfide (labeled as SFCW-S1, SFCW-S2, SFCW-S3, and SFCW-S4) were constructed, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by these SFCWs coupled with intermittent aeration in the front section was discussed. The key findings from different substrate analyses, including nitrification and denitrification rate, enzyme activity, microbial community structure, and the X-ray diffraction, revealed the nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism. The results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency for SFCW-S1 always remained the lowest, and the phosphorus removal efficiency for SFCW-S4 was recorded as the highest one. However, after controlling the dissolved oxygen by intermittent aeration in the front section of SFCWs, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies of SFCWs-S2 and S4 became higher than those of SFCW-S1, and SFCW-S3. It was noticed that the pollutants were removed mainly in the front section of the SFCWs. Both precipitation and adsorption on the substrate were the main mechanisms for phosphorus removal. A minute difference of nitrification rate and ammonia monooxygenase activity was observed in the SFCWs’ aeration zone. The denitrification rates, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and electron transport system activity for SFCW-S2 and SFCW-S4 were higher than those detected for SFCW-S1 and SFCW-S3 in the non-aerated zone. Proteobacteria was the largest phyla found in the SFCWs. Moreover, Thiobacillus occupied a large proportion found in SFCW-S2, and SFCW-S4, and it played a crucial role in pyrite-driven autotrophic denitrification.
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This work was supported by Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province (202104i07020013), the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX07603-004), the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse (PCRRF19034), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51208163).
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Liya Li: writing—original draft; data curation; validation; visualization. Jingwei Feng: writing—review and editing; visualization. Liu Zhang: conceptualization, supervision. Hao Yin: resources, project administration. Chunli Fan: data curation, validation. Zechun Wang: data curation, validation. Menglei Zhao: data curation, validation. Chengchang Ge: data curation, validation. Hao Song: data curation, validation.
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Li, L., Feng, J., Zhang, L. et al. Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal by natural pyrite–based constructed wetland with intermittent aeration. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 69012–69028 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15461-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15461-6