Abstract
Chlorophenols are used in many industries for their importance in preservation and herbicide preparation even though they possess high-risk factors. The prolonged usage of these compounds makes it very complicated to remove them from water and soil by conventional treatment methods. Biosurfactant are the promising structures with the ability to remove contaminants effectively. In this work, an attempt has been made to eliminate 2,4-dichlorophenol from soil and water using amino acid–enhanced cationic biosurfactant obtained from Bacillus axarquiensis. The produced BS has the ability to reduce the surface tension to 30.0 mN m-1. From RSM, the optimum conditions for the maximum production of BS were obtained at time 95 h; pH 7; temperature 35 °C, and concentration of substrate 5%. The BS was immobilized using a solid support matrix for the stability. The environmental factors such as temperature and pH have no effect on the matrix used and found to be viable even under extreme conditions. The removal efficiency was achieved in the range of 93–96% from water and 80–85% from soil. Additionally, the recyclability and reusability of the matrix were also analyzed, and it withstands up to 8 cycles. As a result, the significance of biosurfactant by enhancing the amino acid content was explored in remediation technology.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are highly grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, and CSIR-SRF program to carry out this work. The authors would like to thank CATERS for instrumentation. The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-CLRI, for providing the facility to carry out the work.
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Conceptualization: Swarnalatha Somasundaram, Sekaran Ganesan.
Methodology: Sekaran Ganesan.
Formal analysis and investigation: Judia Magthalin Christopher, Monica Mohan, Rajalakshmi Sridharan.
Writing—original draft preparation: Judia Magthalin Christopher.
Writing—review and editing: Swarnalatha Somasundaram, Judia Magthalin Christopher.
Supervision: Swarnalatha Somasundaram, Sekaran Ganesan.
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Highlights
• Amino acid–enhanced biosurfactant was produced from a microbial species.
• Biosurfactant was immobilized onto a carbon matrix prepared from a rice husk.
• Immobilized carbon was used for the removal of dichlorophenol from water and soil.
• Removal efficiency of dichlorophenol was determined using phytotoxicity analysis.
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Christopher, J.M., Mohan, M., Sridharan, R. et al. Biosurfactant matrix for the environmental clean-up of dichlorophenol from aqueous medium and soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 64278–64294 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15265-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15265-8