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Interaction of environmental eukaryotic microorganisms and fungi in the pond-cultured carps: new insights into the potential pathogenic fungi in the freshwater aquaculture

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Abstract

The quality and safety of the aquatic products have gradually become the focus of global attention. In this study, the environmental eukaryotic and fungi communities in pond-cultured grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. For comparative analysis, the alpha diversity shows that the environmental microbial abundance in the koi carp groups were higher than that in the grass carp groups, while beta diversity reveals that the differences of the microbial community composition and structures in the grass carp groups were significantly higher than those in the koi carp groups. Meanwhile, the environmental microbial diversity of grass carp groups was higher than that of koi carp groups at phylum level, but showed no significant difference at genus level. Additionally, the dominant total phyla were Opisthokonta, Stramenopiles plusAlveolates plusRhizaria, Archaeplastida, Cryptophyceae, and Centrohelida for the 18S rRNA gene and Ciliophora, Chlorophyta, and Ascomycota for the ITS2 rRNA gene in both of the two carp groups. Additionally, annotation analysis showed that the biomarkers in the grass carp groups are significantly higher than those of the koi carp groups. Furthermore, the functional prediction of Funguild showed significant difference in outputs, while similarity in trophic modes and guild types between the two carp groups. Meanwhile, the total relative abundances of animal pathogen, fungal parasite, and plant pathogen were extremely similar between the two carp groups. Surprisingly, one pathogenic fungus of genus Fusarium was identified in both the environments of two carp groups based on filtered operational taxonomic unit tables. Overall, this is the first robust report to understand the characteristics of environmental eukaryotic microorganisms and fungi in the edible and ornamental carps. Our results also provide the basic data for the prevention of fungal diseases and the healthy culture of the carps.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed under the current study are available from the corresponding author upon the reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-45-50); High-level Leading Talent Introduction Program of GDAS (2016GDASRC0202); China Scholarship Council (No. 201908440582); and Talent introduction special funds of South China Agricultural University (K16226).

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Author notes

  1. Aiguo Zhou and Shaolin Xie contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

    Aiguo Zhou, Shaolin Xie, Huijuan Tang & Jixing Zou

  2. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 5 T1, Canada

    Aiguo Zhou, Jiacheng Chuan & Xiang Li

  3. Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

    Aiguo Zhou, Shaolin Xie, Huijuan Tang & Jixing Zou

  4. Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Yue Zhang

  5. State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China

    Li Zhang & Guohuan Xu

Authors
  1. Aiguo Zhou
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  2. Shaolin Xie
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  3. Yue Zhang
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  4. Jiacheng Chuan
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  5. Huijuan Tang
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  6. Xiang Li
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  7. Li Zhang
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  8. Guohuan Xu
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  9. Jixing Zou
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Contributions

AZ, JZ, GX, and SX: writing-conceptualization, original draft, funding acquisition, and formal analysis; XL and YZ: methodology, writing-review and editing; AZ, JZ, LZ, and HT: resources, formal analysis, data curation; JC: software, visualization.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Guohuan Xu or Jixing Zou.

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Zhou, A., Xie, S., Zhang, Y. et al. Interaction of environmental eukaryotic microorganisms and fungi in the pond-cultured carps: new insights into the potential pathogenic fungi in the freshwater aquaculture. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 38839–38854 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13231-y

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