Abstract
The photo-Fenton process was performed with four radiation settings to treat clinical analysis laboratory wastewater (CALWW) from a hospital, with the aim of evaluating its treatability and acute toxicity response in Daphnia magna and Lactuca sativa. The experiments were performed in a borosilicate bench-scale conventional reactor for 320 min. The light radiation was suspended 13 cm from the CALWW surface for mild radiation or immersed into the matrix for intense radiation. All photo-Fenton experimental conditions were set at pH 3.0, 15 mg L-1 of Fe2+, and initial H2O2 of 300 mg L-1. The initial Fe2+ concentration was converted to Fe3+ ion in the first 15 min of photooxidation for all processes. Furthermore, the intense radiation processes regenerated Fe2+ faster than other systems. Neither mild UVA-Vis nor mild UVC-Vis radiation significantly treated the organic matter or phenols. However, mild UVC-Vis resulted in a higher biodegradability transformation rate (biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand 0.51), indicating that it could treat more recalcitrant organic matter than mild UVA-Vis. Intense radiation proved to be more efficient, with a chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 95% for intense UVA-Vis and 99% for intense UVC-Vis treatments. All treatments reduced acute toxicity in D. magna. Moreover, photo-Fenton treatment by intense UVA-Vis decreased toxicity ~98%, compared to mild and intense UVC-Vis, ~75%. Both of the mild radiation treatments inhibited the germination of L. sativa seeds. The intense UVA-Vis photo-Fenton treatment was the only setting that removed phytotoxicity, resulting in a non-significant effect, and the intense UVC-Vis treatment inhibited the seed growth.
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Acknowledgements
We are also grateful to the multiuser laboratory of chemical analyses (LAMAQ-UTFPR), the multiuser laboratory of equipment and environmental analyses (LAMEAA-UTFPR).
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The authors greatly acknowledge scholarship supported by The Federal University of Technology-Paraná and the Brazilian funding agencies: Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), National Council for Scientific and Technological (CNPq-Protocol number 458362/2014-0), and Fundação Araucária.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and degradation experiments were performed by Roberson Davis Sá and Adriana Patricia Rodríguez-Pérez. Vinicius de Carvalho Soares de Paula performed the ecotoxicological bioassays. The analyses of the results and the first draft of the manuscript were written by Fernando Rodrigues da Silva and Liziê Daniela Tentler Prola and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Karina Querne de Carvalho, Adriane Martins de Freitas, and Marcus Vinicius de Liz supervised the project and revised the manuscript and responsible to funding acquisition.
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Sá, R.D., Rodríguez-Pérez, A.P., Rodrigues-Silva, F. et al. Treatment of a clinical analysis laboratory wastewater from a hospital by photo-Fenton process at four radiation settings and toxicity response. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 24180–24190 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12860-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12860-7