Abstract
The heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater is a serious threat to environment worldwide. The survival of human being primarily relies upon soil and groundwater sources. Therefore, the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and groundwater is a matter of utmost concern. Heavy metals are non-degradable and persist in the environment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. Heavy metal pollution puts a serious impact on human health and it adversely affects our physical body. Although, numerous in situ conventional technologies have been utilized for the treatment purpose, but most of the techniques have some limitations such as high cost, deterioration of soil properties, disturbances to soil native flora and fauna and intensive labour. Despite that, in situ phytoremediation is a cost-effective, eco-friendly, solar-driven and novel approach with significant public acceptance. The past research reflects rare discussion addressing both (heavy metal in situ phytoremediation of soil and groundwater) in one platform. The present review article covers both the concepts of in situ phytoremediation of soil and groundwater with major emphasis on health risks of heavy metals, enhanced integrated approaches of in situ phytoremediation, mechanisms of in situ phytoremediation along with effective hyperaccumulator plants for heavy metals remediation, challenges and future prospects.
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Abbreviations
- ABC:
-
adenosine triphosphate binding cassette
- AtHMA4:
-
Arabidopsis thaliana heavy metal ATPase 4
- ATP:
-
adenosine triposphate
- BCF:
-
bio-concentration factor
- BIS:
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
- EDI:
-
estimated daily intake
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- FAO:
-
Food and Agriculture Organization
- HI:
-
hazard index
- HPI:
-
high pollution index
- LOAEL:
-
lowest observed adverse effect level
- MI:
-
metal index
- MI:
-
maximum limit
- Nano-Ag:
-
nanosilver
- Nano-Fe3O4 :
-
nanoferrosoferric oxide
- Nano-SnO2 :
-
nanostannic oxide
- Nano-TiO2 :
-
titanium dioxide nanoparticles
- Nano-Zn:
-
nanozinc
- NCB:
-
nanocarbon black
- NcZNT1:
-
Noccaea caerulescens zinc transporter 1
- NHAP:
-
nanohydroxyapatite
- NOAEL:
-
no observed adverse effect level
- nZVI:
-
nanozero valent ions
- PGPR:
-
plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
- POPs:
-
persistent organic pollutants
- PvTIP:
-
Pteris vittata tonoplast intrinsic protein
- RfD:
-
reference dose
- TF:
-
translocation factor
- THQ:
-
target hazard quotient
- USEPA:
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- WQI:
-
water quality index
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The authors are indebted to the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, for all the valuable support and needful facilities. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Adheesh Vivek for their assistance while framing the manuscript.
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The idea for this review article was given by author A (Deep Shikha). Moreover, author A (Deep Shikha) performed the comprehensive literature review and drafted the manuscript, and the drafted manuscript was critically revised by author B (Dr. Prasoon Kumar Singh).
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Shikha, D., Singh, P.K. In situ phytoremediation of heavy metal–contaminated soil and groundwater: a green inventive approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 4104–4124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11600-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11600-7