Abstract
There is a delayed (lag 1 to 2 days) correlation between acute PM 2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) exposure and cardiovascular events, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. We aimed to investigate the delayed impact of acute PM 2.5 exposures on cardiac autonomics through linear and nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) analyses. Among 6912 patients who had received 24-h Holter ECG between October 1, 2015, to October 31, 2016, 56 patients (31 males, 70.3 ± 12.7 years old) were enrolled. We classified the patients as high (> 35.4 μg/m3) or low (< 35.4 μg/m3) PM 2.5 groups according to their PM 2.5 exposures on the day of Holter recordings (day 0) lag 1 and lag 2 days. Linear and nonlinear HRV parameters〔Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) slopes 1 and 2〕were compared. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Linear and nonlinear HRV parameters were similar between high- and low-exposure groups on day 0 and lag 1 day, respectively. However, DFA slope 1 was significantly lower in the high-exposure group on lag 2 days (0.784 ± 0.201 vs. 0.964 ± 0.274, p = 0.021). DFA slope 1 of the high-exposure group was significantly lower on daytime periods (9 am to 9 pm, 8 am to 4 pm and 4 pm to 12 pm) but not on nighttime periods. High lag 2 days PM 2.5 exposure is associated with low DFA slope 1 and the relationship is diurnal. This suggests that air pollution might have a delayed impact on the cardiovascular autonomic system.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan for providing the air pollution data.
Funding
The present work was supported by grants from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital (V107C-099, V109C-001) and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST-102-2314-B-010-033-MY3, MOST-105-2314-B-010-003-MY3).
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• Conceptualization: Tsung-Ying Tsai, MD; Li-Wei Lo, MD
• Methodology: Shin-Huei Liu, MD; Wen-Han Cheng, MD; Yu-Hui Chou, MS; and Wei-Lun Lin, MS
• Formal analysis and investigation: Tsung-Ying Tsai, MD; Men-Tzung Lo, PhD; and Hui-Wen Yang, MS
• Writing - original draft preparation: Tsung-Ying Tsai, MD
• Writing - review and editing: Li-Wei Lo, MD; Yenn-Jiang Lin, MD; Shih-Lin Chang, MD; Yu-Feng Hu, MD; Fa-Po Chung, MD; Jo-Nan Liao, MD; Tze-Fan Chao, MD
• Supervision: Shih-Ann Chen, MD
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The article was produced under the approval of the Institutional Review Board committee of Taipei Veteran General Hospital (IRB No: 2019-08-012AC).
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Tsai, TY., Lo, LW., Liu, SH. et al. Delayed association of acute particulate matter 2.5 air pollution exposure with loss of complexity in cardiac rhythm dynamics: insight from detrended fluctuation analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10931–10939 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11275-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11275-0