Abstract
Renewable resource–based biodegradable materials attract more attention than petroleum-based biodegradable materials to support the sustainable development of ecology. Obtaining collagen hydrolysate (CH) from hide fleshing wastes of leather industry is an environmentally friendly way to develop multifunctional materials that can contribute to technological advances in different industries. In this study, 2:1, 1:1, and 1 2 ratios of gum arabic (GA) and CH extracted from hide fleshing waste were used as wall materials to encapsulate Origanum onites L. essential oil (OOEO) using the complex coacervation method. The encapsulation yield and efficiency, functional group composition, particle size, morphology, and thermal stability of the obtained OOEO microcapsules were characterized. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules had high encapsulation yield and efficiency, as well as good functional properties such as uniform morphology and low water activity. The best mass ratio for the biopolymers (GA:CH) was 1:1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that OOEO microcapsule samples had a spherical shape. FTIR analysis was performed on obtained microcapsules, confirming the molecular interactions between GA and CH. These findings can be useful in designing an ideal wall material using GA and CH for microencapsulation of essential oils by the complex coacervation method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrahao FR, Rocha LCR, Santos TA, Carmo EL, Pereira LAS, Borges SV, Pereira RGFA, Botrel DA (2019) Microencapsulation of bioactive compounds from espresso spent coffee by spray drying. LWT Food Sci Technol 103:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.061
Ahmad M, Benjakul S, Prodpran T, Agustini TW (2012) Physico-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of gelatin film from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket incorporated with essential oils. Food Hydrocoll 28:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.12.003
Al-Hassan AA (2020) Gelatin from camel skins: extraction and characterizations. Food Hydrocoll 101:105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105457
Ali A, Ganie SA, Mazumdar N (2018) A new study of iodine complexes of oxidized gum arabic: an interaction between iodine monochloride and aldehyde groups. Carbohydr Polym 180:337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.005
AOAC (2019) Official methods of analysis, 21st edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, USA
Araujo JSF, Souza EL, Oliveira JR, Gomes ACA, Kotzebue LRV, Agostini DLS, Oliveira DLV, Mazzetto SE, Silva AL, Cavalcanti MT (2020) Microencapsulation of sweet orange essential oil (Citrus aurantium var. dulcis) by liophylization using maltodextrin and maltodextrin/gelatin mixtures: preparation, characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Int J Biol Macromol 143:991–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.160
Arshad H, Ali TM, Hasnain A (2020) Comparative study on efficiency of nutmeg microencapsulation (freeze-drying method) using native and OSA sorghum starch as wall materials in combination with gum arabic. Cereal Chem 00:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10275
Ban Z, Zhang J, Li L, Luo Z, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Zhou B, Liu H (2020) Ginger essential oil-based microencapsulation as an efficient delivery system for the improvement of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit quality. Food Chem 306:125628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125628
Bezerra FM, Lis M, Carmona OG, Carmona CG, Moises MP, Zanin GM, Moraes FF (2019) Assessment of the delivery of citronella oil from microcapsules supported on wool fabrics. Powder Technol 343:775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.001
Cakarevic J, Seregelj V, Saponjac VT, Cetkovic G, Brunet JC, Popovic S, Kostic MH, Popovic L (2020) Encapsulation of beetroot juice: a study on the application of pumpkin oil cake protein as new carrier agent. J Microencapsul 37:121–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2019.1705408
Chang HW, Tan TB, Tan PY, Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Tan CP (2020) Microencapsulation of fish oil-in-water emulsion using thiol-modified β-lactoglobulin fibrils-chitosan complex. J Food Eng 264:109680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.07.027
Chawla P, Kumar N, Bains A, Dhull SB, Kumar M, Kaushik R, Punia S (2020) Gum arabic capped copper nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 146:232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.260
China CR, Maguta MM, Nyandoro SS, Hilonga A, Kanth SV, Njau KN (2020) Alternative tanning technologies and their suitability in curbing environmental pollution from the leather industry: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 254:126804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126804
Cruz MCR, Dagostin JLA, Perussello CA, Masson ML (2019) Assessment of physicochemical characteristics, thermal stability and release profile of ascorbic acid microcapsules obtained by complex coacervation. Food Hydrocoll 87:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.043
Ding B, Li C, Pan M, Chiou Y, Li Z, Wei S, Yin X (2019) Microencapsulation of xanthan gum based on palm stearin/beeswax matrix as wall system. J Food Process Eng 42:e13102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13102
Erciyes A, Ocak B (2019) Physico-mechanical, thermal, and ultraviolet light barrier properties of collagen hydrolysate films from leather solid wastes incorporated with nano TiO2. Polym Compos 40:4716–4725. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25340
Esfahani R, Jafari SM, Jafarpour A, Dehnad D (2019) Loading of fish oil into nanocarriers prepared through gelatin-gum arabic complexation. Food Hydrocoll 90:291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.12.044
Fang C, Huang J, Yang Q, Pu H, Liu S, Zhu Z (2020) Adsorption capacity and cold-water solubility of honeycomb-like potato starch granule. Int J Biol Macromol 147:741–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.224
Fernandez-Marin R, Labidi J, Andres MA, Fernandes SCM (2020) Using α-chitin nanocrystals to improve the final properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) films with Origanum vulgare essential oil. Polym Degrad Stab 109227:109227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109227
Fraj A, Jaafar F, Marti M, Coderch L, Ladhari N (2019) A comparative study of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil-based polycaprolactone nanocapsules/microspheres: preparation, physicochemical characterization, and storage stability. Ind Crops Prod 140:111669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111669
Fu R, Yao K, Zhang Q, Jia D, Zhao J, Chi Y (2017) Collagen hydrolysates of skin shavings prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis as a natural flocculant and their flocculating property. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 182:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2310-6
Gharanjig H, Gharanjig K, Hosseinnezhad M, Jafari SM (2020) Development and optimization of complex coacervates based on zedo gum, cress seed gum and gelatin. Int J Biol Macromol 148:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.115
Gimenez B, Gomez-Guillen MC, Lopez-Caballero ME, Gomez-Estaca J, Monrero P (2012) Role of sepiolite in the release of active compounds from gelatin-egg white films. Food Hydrocoll 27:475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.09.003
Girardi NS, Passone MA, Garcia D, Nesci A, Etcheverry M (2018) Microencapsulation of Peumus boldus essential oil and its impact on peanut seed quality preservation. Ind Crop Prod 114:108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.036
Gomes MHG, Kurozawa LE (2020) Improvement of the functional and antioxidant properties of rice protein by enzymatic hydrolysis for the microencapsulation of linseed oil. J Food Eng 267:109761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109761
Gomez-Estaca J, Comunian TA, Montero P, Favaro-Trindade CS (2018) Physico-chemical properties, stability, and potential food applications of shrimp lipid extract encapsulated by complex coacervation. Food Bioprocess Technol 11:1596–1604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-018-2116-3
Hu L, Zhang J, Hu Q, Gao N, Wang S, Sun Y, Yang X (2016) Microencapsulation of brucea javanica oil: characterization, stability and optimization of spray drying conditions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 36:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2016.09.008
Kang YR, Lee YK, Kim YJ, Chang YH (2019) Characterization and storage stability of chlorophylls microencapsulated in different combination of gum arabic and maltodextrin. Food Chem 272:337–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.063
Kavoosi G, Derakhshan M, Salehi M, Rahmati L (2018) Microencapsulation of zataria essential oil in agar, alginate and carrageenan. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 45:418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.12.010
Khambhaty Y (2020) Applications of enzymes in leather processing. Environ Chem Lett 18:747–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00971-5
Koupantsis T, Pavlidou E, Paraskevopoulou A (2016) Glycerol and tannic acid as applied in the preparation of milk proteins–CMC complex coavervates for flavour encapsulation. Food Hydrocoll 57:62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.01.007
Lavanya MN, Kathiravan T, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C (2020) Influence of spray-drying conditions on microencapsulation of fish oil and chia oil. Dry Technol 38:279–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2018.1553181
Li X, Zeng WC, Zhu DY, Feng JL, Tian CC, Liao XP, Shi B (2017) Investigation of collagen hydrolysate used as carbon and nitrogen source in the fermentation of Bacillus pumilus. Process Biochem 55:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.029
Li Y, Liang M, Dou X, Feng C, Pang J, Cheng X, Liu H, Liu T, Wang Y, Chen X (2019) Development of alginate hydrogel/gum Arabic/gelatin based composite capsules and their application as oral delivery carriers for antioxidant. Int J Biol Macromol 132:1090–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.103
Linke A, Hinrichs J, Kohlus R (2020) Impact of the powder particle size on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated oil. Powder Technol 364:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.077
Liu S, Low NH, Nickerson MT (2010) Entrapment of flaxseed oil within gelatin-gum arabic capsules. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87:809–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1560-7
Lozinska N, Glowacz-Rozynska A, Artichowicz W, Lu Y, Jungnickel C (2020) Microencapsulation of fish oil–determination of optimal wall material and encapsulation methodology. J Food Eng 268:109730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109730
Mansour M, Salah M, Xu X (2020) Effect of microencapsulation using soy protein isolate and gum arabic as wall material on red raspberry anthocyanin stability, characterization, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Ultrason Sonochem 63:104927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104927
Masilamani D, Madhan B, Shanmugam G, Palanivel S, Narayan B (2016) Extraction of collagen from raw trimming wastes of tannery: a waste to wealth approach. J Clean Prod 113:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.087
Medina-Torres L, Nunez-Ramirez DM, Calderas F, Gonzalez-Laredo RF, Minjares-Fuentes R, Aladez-Garcia MA, Bernad-Bernad MJ, Manero O (2019) Microencapsulation of gallic acid by spray drying with aloe vera mucilage (Aloe barbadensis Miller) as wall material. Ind Crop Prod 138:111461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.06.024
Moktadir MA, Ahmadi HB, Sultana R, Zohra FT, Liou JJH, Rezaei J (2020) Circular economy practices in the leather industry: a practical step towards sustainable development. J Clean Prod 251:119737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119737
Muhoza B, Xia S, Cai J, Zhang X, Duhoranimana E, Su J (2019) Gelatin and pectin complex coacervates as carriers for cinnamaldehyde: effect of pectin esterification degree on coacervate formation, and enhanced thermal stability. Food Hydrocoll 87:712–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.08.051
Muhoza B, Xia S, Wang X, Zhang X (2020) The protection effect of trehalose on the multinuclear microcapsules based on gelatin and high methyl pectin coacervate during freeze-drying. Food Hydrocoll 105:105807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105807
Munhuweyi K, Caleb OJ, van Reenen AJ, Opara UL (2018) Physical and antifungal properties of β-cyclodextrin microcapsules and nanofibre films containing cinnamon and oregano essential oils. LWT Food Sci Technol 87:413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.09.012
Ocak B (2012) Complex coacervation of collagen hydrolysate extracted from leather solid wastes and chitosan for controlled release of lavender oil. J Environ Manag 100:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.026
Ocak B (2018) Film-forming ability of collagen hydrolysate extracted from leather solid wastes with chitosan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:4643–4655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0843-z
Ocak B, Gulumser G, Baloglu E (2011) Microencapsulation of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil by using simple coacervation method. J Essent Oil Res 23:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2011.9700470
Ocampo-Salinas IO, Gomez-Aldapa CA, Castro-Rosas J, Vargas-Leon EA, Guzman-Ortiz FA, Calaneo-Martinez N, Falfan-Cortes RN (2020) Development of wall material for the microencapsulation of natural vanilla extract by spray drying. Cereal Chem 00:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10269
Oliveira LC, Barbosa JR, Ribeiro SCA, Vasconcelos MAM, Aguiar BA, Pereira GVS, Albuquerque GA, Silva FNL, Crizel RL, Campelo PH, Lourenco LFH (2019) Improvement of the characteristics of fish gelatin–gum arabic through the formation of the polyelectrolyte complex. Carbohydr Polym 223:115068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115068
Oliveira WQ, Wurlitzer NJ, Araujo AWO, Comunian TA, Bastos MSR, Oliveira AL, Magalhaes HCR, Ribeiro HL, Figueiredo RW, Sousa PHM (2020) Complex coacervates of cashew gum and gelatin as carriers of green coffee oil: the effect of microcapsule application on the rheological and sensorial quality of a fruit juice. Food Res Int 131:109047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109047
Ozdemir N, Ozgen Y, Kiralan M, Bayrak A, Bayrak N, Ramadan MF (2018) Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil yield, composition and antioxidant activity of Origanum vulgare L. and Origanum onites L. J Food Meas Charact 12:820–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9696-x
Pattnaik M, Mishra HN (2020) Effect of microwave treatment on preparation of stable PUFA enriched vegetable oil powder and its influence on quality parameters. J Food Process Preserv 44:e14374. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14374
Paula DA, Martins EMF, Costa NA, Oliveira PM, Oliveira EB, Ramos AM (2019) Use of gelatin and gum arabic for microencapsulation of probiotic cells from Lactobacillus plantarum by a dual process combining double emulsification followed by complex coacervation. Int J Biol Macromol 133:722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.110
Pham LB, Wang B, Zisu B, Truong T, Adhikari B (2020) Microencapsulation of flaxseed oil using polyphenol-adducted flaxseed protein isolate-flaxseed gum complex coacervates. Food Hydrocoll 107:105944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105944
Rocha CB, Norena CPZ (2020) Microencapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds from grape pomace. Dry Technol:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2020.1741004
Rocha-Selmi GA, Bozza FT, Thomazini M, Bolini HMA, Favaro-Trindade CS (2013) Microencapsulation of aspartame by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation to provide protection and prolong sweetness. Food Chem 139:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.114
Rousi Z, Malhiac C, Fatouros DG, Paraskevopoulou A (2019) Complex coacervates formation between gelatin and gum arabic with different arabinogalactan protein fraction content and their characterization. Food Hydrocoll 96:577–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.06.009
Samakradhamrongthai RS, Angeli PT, Kopermsub P, Utama-ang N (2019) Optimization of gelatin and gum arabic capsule infused with pandan flavor for multi-core flavor powder encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 226:115262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115262
Sarabandi K, Gharehbeglou P, Jafari SM (2020) Spray-drying encapsulation of protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides: opportunities and challenges. Dry Technol 38:577–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1689399
Shaddel R, Hesari J, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Hamishehkar H, Fathi-Achachlouei B, Huang Q (2018) Use of gelatin and gum Arabic for encapsulation of black raspberry anthocyanins by complex coacervation. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1800–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.044
Sharayei P, Azarpazhooh E, Ramaswamy HS (2020) Effect of microencapsulation on antioxidant and antifungal properties of aqueous extract of pomegranate peel. J Food Sci Technol 57:723–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04105-w
Singh J, Vennapusa JR, Chattopadhyay S (2020) Protein-polysaccharide based microencapsulated phase change material composites for thermal energy storage. Carbohydr Polym 229:115531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115531
Souza VB, Thomazini M, Barrientos MAE, Nalin CM, Ferro-Furtado R, Genovese MI, Favaro-Trindade CS (2018) Functional properties and encapsulation of a proanthocyanidin-rich cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) by complex coacervation using gelatin and different polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 77:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.040
Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K (2019) Extraction, chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Molecules 24:2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142612
Tasdemir D, Kaiser M, Demirci B, Demirci F, Baser KHC (2019) Antiprotozoal activity of Turkish Origanum onites essential oil and its components. Mol 24:4421. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234421
Tavares L, Barros HLB, Vaghetti JCP, Norena CPZ (2019) Microencapsulation of garlic extract by complex coacervation using whey protein isolate/chitosan and gum arabic/chitosan as wall materials: influence of anionic biopolymers on the physicochemical and structural properties of microparticles. Food Bioprocess Technol 12:2093–2106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02375-y
Tian Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hua Q, Liu L, Wang B, Tang J (2020) Preparation and characterization of gelatin-sodium alginate/paraffin phase change microcapsules. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 586:124216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124216
Vaucher ACS, Dias PCM, Coimbra PT, Costa ISM, Marreto RN, Dellamora-Ortiz GM, Freitas O, Ramos MFS (2019) Microencapsulation of fish oil by casein-pectin complexes and gum arabic microparticles: oxidative stabilization. J Microencapsul 36:459–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2019.1646335
Vidal AR, Duarte LP, Schmidt MM, Cansian RL, Fernandes IA, Mello RO, Demiate IM, Dornelles RCP (2020) Extraction and characterization of collagen from sheep slaughter byproducts. Waste Manag 102:838–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.004
Wang B, Adhikari B, Barrow C (2014) Optimisation of the microencapsulation of tuna oil in gelatin–sodium hexametaphosphate using complex coacervation. Food Chem 158:358–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.135
Wang R, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fang Z, Shi Q (2020) Effect of carrier types on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of spray-dried black mulberry juice powders. J Food Meas Charact 14:1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-019-00369-0
Zhan M, Sun C, Chen T, Li X (2019) Emission characteristics for co-combustion of leather wastes, sewage sludge, and coal in a laboratory-scale entrained flow tube furnace. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9707–9716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04347-3
Zhang C, Khoo SLA, Chen XD, Quek SY (2020) Microencapsulation of fermented noni juice via micro-fluidic-jet spray drying: evaluation of powder properties and functionalities. Powder Technol 361:995–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.10.098
Zuanon LAC, Malacrida CR, Telis VRN (2013) Production of turmeric oleoresin microcapsules by complex coacervation with gelatin–gum arabic. J Food Process Eng 36:364–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Santiago V. Luis
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ocak, B. Gum arabic and collagen hydrolysate extracted from hide fleshing wastes as novel wall materials for microencapsulation of Origanum onites L. essential oil through complex coacervation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 42727–42737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10201-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10201-8