Abstract
Samples of water, sediment and epilithic periphyton (EP) were collected from a lake (Dimna, DL), an intermediate canal (IC), and a river (Subarnarekha River, SR) to compare the pollution status of an urban ecosystem, and the concentrations of metal(loid) s were determined. Water characteristics were analysed by the water quality index (WQI). Sediment pollution was assessed using the ecological risk index (ERI). Accumulation of metal(loid) s in EP was determined by using bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). The result showed that the DL was least polluted (WQI = 30.39) and SR (WQI = 90.13) was the most polluted ecosystem. Sediment analysis revealed that Ni, Cr and Cd are the significant pollutants, especially in SR. The THQ value for fish dishes cooked in Indian style was found higher than that of raw fish, suggesting calculations considering the cooking process can provide better results. Health risk assessment shows that people inhabiting DL are vulnerable to Cr and Cu exposure, whereas people inhabiting IC and SR are susceptible to As and Co exposure due to the consumption of cooked fish. Moreover, for a developing country like India, it is important to upgrade the assessment methods and include regular monitoring of interconnecting ecosystems for the safeguard of human and ecological health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adhikari S, Ghosh L, Rai SP, Ayyappan S (2009) Metal concentrations in water, sediment, and fish from sewage-fed aquaculture ponds of Kolkata, India. Environ Monit Assess 159(1–4):217–230
Agarwal R, Kumar R, Behari JR (2007) Mercury and lead content in fish species from the river Gomti, Lucknow, India, as biomarkers of contamination. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78(2):118–122
Alloway BJ (2013) Heavy metals in soils. Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Environ Pollut 22:465–496
APHA (2012) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (22nd edn). American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Ashoka S, Peake BM, Bremner G, Hageman KJ, Reid MR (2009) Comparison of digestion methods for ICP-MS determination of trace elements in fish tissues. Anal Chim Acta 653(2):191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.025
Baig JA, Bhatti S, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2019) Evaluation of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead in common spices in Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 187(2):586–595
Banerjee S, Maiti SK, Kumar A (2015) Metal contamination in water and bioaccumulation of metals in the planktons, molluscs and fishes in Jamshedpur stretch of Subarnarekha River of Chotanagpur plateau, India. Water Environ J 29(2):207–213
Banerjee S, Kumar A, Maiti SK, Chowdhury A (2016) Seasonal variation in heavy metal contaminations in water and sediments of Jamshedpur stretch of Subarnarekha River, India. Environ Earth Sci 75(3):265
Barik NK (2017) Freshwater fish for nutrition security in India: evidence from FAO data. Aquacult Rep 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.04.001
Bark NK (2016) Potential in improving nutritional security through aquaculture development in India: a regional level analysis. Agric Econ Res Rev 29:99–109
Bassey FI, Oguntunde FC, Iwegbue CM, Osabor VN, Edem CA (2014) Effects of processing on the proximate and metal contents in three fish species from Nigerian coastal waters. Food Sci Nutr 2(3):272–281
Chowdhury A, Maiti SK (2016) Assessing the ecological health risk in a conserved mangrove ecosystem due to heavy metal pollution: a case study from Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 20(3):257–269
Chowdhury A, Naz A, Maiti SK (2017) Health risk assessment of ‘tiger prawn seed’ collectors exposed to heavy metal pollution in the conserved mangrove forest of Indian Sundarbans: a socio-environmental perspective. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 23(2):203–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1238300
CPCB (1979) Scheme for zoning and classification of Indian Rivers, estuaries and coastal waters, ADSORBS/3/78–79. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India
CPCB (1995) Pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued thereunder. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India
CPCB (2005) Status of sewage treatment in India. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India
Dallinger R (1993) Strategies of metal detoxification in terrestrial invertebrates. In: Ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates, p 276
Dabonne S, Koffi B, Kouadio E, Koffi A, Due E, Kouame L (2010) Traditional utensils: potential sources of poisoning by heavy metals. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 1(2):90–92
Dube T, Mhangwa G, Makaka C, Parirenyatwa B, Muteveri T (2019) Spatial variation of heavy metals and uptake potential by Typha domingensis in a tropical reservoir in the midlands region, Zimbabwe. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(10):10097–10105
Duong TT, Morin S, Herlory O, Feurtet-Mazel A, Coste M, Boudou A (2008) Seasonal effects of cadmium accumulation in periphytic diatom communities of freshwater biofilms. Aquat Toxicol 90(1):19–28
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) (1983) Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery circular 464:5–100
Feng W, Wang Z, Xu H, Chen L, Zheng F (2020) Trace metal concentrations in commercial fish, crabs, and bivalves from three lagoons in the South China Sea and implications for human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06712-8
Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A et al (2020) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Iran: the Monte Carlo simulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:7588–7595 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07423-w
Ghanthimathi S, Aminah A, Salmijah S, Ujang T, Nurul Izzah A (2012) Comparison of microwave assisted acid digestion methods for ICP-MS determination of total arsenic in fish tissue. Sains Malaysiana 41(12):1557–1564
Giri S, Singh AK (2015) Human health risk assessment via drinking water pathway due to metal contamination in the groundwater of Subarnarekha River Basin, India. Environ Monit Assess 187(3):63
Goel PK (2006) Water pollution: causes, effects and control. New Age International, New Delhi
Gołdyn B, Chudzińska M, Barałkiewicz D, Celewicz-Gołdyn S (2015) Heavy metal contents in the sediments of astatic ponds: influence of geomorphology, hydroperiod, water chemistry and vegetation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 118:103–111
Greenstone M, Hanna R (2014) Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and infant mortality in India. Am Econ Rev 104(10):3038–3072
Gupta SK, Chabukdhara M, Kumar P, Singh J, Bux F (2014) Evaluation of ecological risk of metal contamination in river Gomti, India: a biomonitoring approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 110:49–55
Gupta SK, Chabukdhara M, Singh J, Bux F (2015) Evaluation and potential health hazard of selected metals in water, sediments, and fish from the Gomti River. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 21(1):227–240
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14(8):975–1001
Horton RK (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 37(3):300–306
Jasmin I, Mallikarjuna P (2014) Physicochemical quality evaluation of groundwater and development of drinking water quality index for Araniar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 186:935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3425-7
Jamshidzadeh Z, Tavangari Barzi M (2020) Wastewater quality index (WWQI) as an assessment tool of treated wastewater quality for agriculture: a case of North Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent of Isfahan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:7366–7378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07090-x
Jayaprakash M, Kumar RS, Giridharan L, Sujitha SB, Sarkar SK, Jonathan MP (2015) Bioaccumulation of metals in fish species from water and sediments in macrotidal Ennore creek, Chennai, SE coast of India: a metropolitan city effect. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 120:243–255
Kadhum SA (2020) A preliminary study of heavy metals pollution in the sandy dust storms and its human risk assessment from middle and south of Iraq. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:8570–8579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07380-4
Kelly J, Thornton I, Simpson PR (1996) Urban Geochemistry: a study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and non-industrial areas of Britain. J Appl Geochem 11(1–2):363–370
Ketata M, Gueddari M, Bouhlila R (2012) Use of geographical information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in El Khairat deep aquifer (Enfidha, Central East Tunisia). Arab J Geosci 5(6):1379–1390
Khan ZI, Akhtar M, Ahmad K, Ashfaq A, Nadeem M, Bashir H, Munir M, Malik IS (2020) A study on the seasonal transfer of two metals from pasture to animals: health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:16339–16349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08140-5
Kumar P, Dey MM, Paraguas FJ (2005) Demand for fish by species in India: three-stage budgeting framework
Kumari P, Chowdhury A, Maiti SK (2018) Assessment of heavy metal in the water, sediment, and two edible fish species of Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration, India with special emphasis on human health risk. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(6):1477–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1415131
Kumari P (2018) Distribution of metal elements in capillary water, overlying water, sediment, and aquatic biota of three interconnected ecosystems. Environ Process 5:385–411
Kumari P, Maiti SK (2019a) Health risk assessment of lead, mercury and other metal(loid)s—a potential threat to the population consuming fish inhabiting, a lentic ecosystem in Steel City, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(8):2174–2192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1495055
Kumari P, Maiti SK (2019b) Bioaccessibilities and health risk assessment of heavy and trace elements in fish from an urban city, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1691501
Kwok CK, Liang Y, Wang H, Dong YH, Leung SY, Wong MH (2014) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and Ardeid at Pearl River Estuary, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 106:62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.016
McCauley JR, Bouldin JL (2016) Cadmium accumulation in periphyton from an abandoned mining district in the Buffalo National River, Arkansas. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 96(6):757–761 http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s00128-016-1813-8
Musaiger AO, D'Souza R (2008) The effects of different methods of cooking on proximate, mineral and heavy metal composition of fish and shrimps consumed in the Arabian Gulf. Arch Latinoam Nutr 58(1):103–9
Meng X, Zhao Y, Tang W, Shan B (2020) Mercury pollution of riverine sediments in a typical irrigation area in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:8732–8739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07474-z
Mitra A, Chakraborty R, Sengupta K, Banerjee K (2011) Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of heavy metals in common finfish and shrimps of the River Ganga. National Academy of Science Letters 34(3):161–168
Mohammed E, Mohammed T, Mohammed A (2017) Optimization of an acid digestion procedure for the determination of Hg, As, Sb, Pb and Cd in fish muscle tissue. MethodsX 4:513–523
Morgan JN (1999) Effects of processing on heavy metal content of foods. In Impact of processing on food safety (pp. 195–211). Springer, Boston, MA
Mostafiz F, Islam MM, Saha B, Hossain MK, Moniruzzaman M, Habibullah-al-Mamun M (2020) Bioaccumulation of trace metals in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii from farmed and wild sources and human health risk assessment in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:16426–16438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08028-4
Meylan S, Behra R, Sigg L (2004) Influence of metal speciation in natural freshwater on bioaccumulation of copper and zinc in periphyton: a microcosm study. Environ Sci Technol 38(11):3104–3111. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034993n
Mihaileanu RG, Neamtiu IA, Fleming M, Pop C, Bloom MS, Roba C, Surcel M, Stamatian F, Gurzau E (2019) Assessment of heavy metals (total chromium, lead, and manganese) contamination of residential soil and homegrown vegetables near a former chemical manufacturing facility in Tarnaveni, Romania. Environ Monit Assess 191(1):8
Nordin N, Selamat J (2013) Heavy metals in spices and herbs from wholesale markets in Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part B 6(1):36–41
Pal D, Maiti SK (2018) Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita and Labeo bata) and potential health risk assessment in aquaculture pond of the coal city, Dhanbad (India). Environ Sci Pollut R 25(13):12464–12480
Patel P, Raju NJ, Reddy BSR, Suresh U, Sankar DB, Reddy TVK (2018) Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications. Environ Geochem Health 40(2):609–623
Pourgheysari H, Moazeni M, Ebrahimi A (2012) Heavy metal content in edible salts in Isfahan and estimation of their daily intake via salt consumption. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 1(1):8
Rajaram T, Das A (2008) Water pollution by industrial effluents in India: discharge scenarios and case for participatory ecosystem specific local regulation. Futures 40(1):56–69
Ramelow GJ, Biven SL, Zhang Y, Beck JN, Young JC, Callahan JD, Marcon MF (1992) The identification of point sources of heavy metals in an industrially impacted waterway by periphyton and surface sediment monitoring. Water Air Soil Poll 65:175–190
Sahu P, Sikdar PK (2008) Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal, India. Environ Geol 55(4):823–835
Serra A, Corcoll N, Guasch H (2009) Copper accumulation and toxicity in fluvial periphyton: the influence of exposure history. Chemosphere 74(5):633–641
Soliman NF, Nasr SM, Okbah MA (2015) Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast. Egypt J Environ Health Sci Eng 13(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0223-x
Stevenson RJ, Bahls LL (1999) Periphyton protocols. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in wadeable streams and rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish. EPA, Washington, DC
Talalaj IA (2014) Assessment of groundwater quality near the landfill site using the modified water quality index. Environ Monit Assess 186(6):3673–3683 http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s10661-014-3649-1
Tao Y, Yuan Z, Xiaona H, Wei M (2012) Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and potential health risk assessment from Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 81:55–64
Tawfik MS (2013) Impact of different cooking processes on proximate metals composition of fish and shrimp. J Food Technol 11(4–6):95–102
The Economic Times 2019. India hopes to continue FDI growth story in 2020. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/india-hopes-to-continue-fdi-growth-story-in-2020/articleshow/73041537.cms?from=mdr. Accessed on 24th Jan 2020
Tripathee L, Kang S, Sharma CM, Rupakheti D, Paudyal R, Huang J, Sillanpää M (2016) Preliminary health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in surface water of the Himalayan Rivers, Nepal. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97(6):855–862 http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s00128-016-1945-x
UN Report (2019) A new wave of air pollution crises: what can be done? https://in.one.un.org/a-new-wave-of-air-pollution-crises-what-can-be-done/. Accessed on 28th Jan 2020
USEPA (2000) Risk-based concentration table. Philadelphia, PA: United States Environmental Protection Agency
USEPA (1989) Guidance manual for assessing human health risks from chemically contaminated, fish and shellfish EPA-503/8-89-002 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC
USEPA (1991) US Environmental Protection Agency. Role of the baseline risk assessment in superfund remedy selection decisions (memorandum from D. R. Clay, OSWER 9355.0–30, April 1991). Washington, DC, USA. www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/baseline.htm. Accessed on 18th Jan 2020
Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaragavan K, Ganthi RR, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R, Vasudevan S (2010) Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 171(1–4):595–609 http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1
Wang J, Liu G, Liu H, Lam PK (2017) Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Sci Total Environ 583:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088
WHO (2008) World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality, recommendations incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, 13th edn
Xie W, Chen K, Zhu X, Nie X, Zheng G, Pan D, Wang S (2010) Evaluation of heavy metal contents in water and fishes collected from the waterway in Pearl River Delta in south China. J Agro-Environ Sci 29:1917–1923
Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S (2011) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Pollut 159(10):2575–2585
Zhang Y, Chu C, Li T, Xu S, Liu L, Ju M (2017) A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in 3 marine reserves. Sci Total Environ 599:721–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.232
Zhao G, Ye S, Yuan H, Ding X, Wang J (2017) Surface sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(3):2966–2979 http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s11356-016-8003-4
Zhu F, Fan W, Wang X, Qu L, Yao S (2011) Health risk assessment of eight heavy metals in nine varieties of edible vegetable oils consumed in China. Food Chem Toxicol 49(12):3081–3085
Acknowledgements
The first author is highly indebted to IIT (ISM), Dhanbad, for providing her with the resources for conducting the laboratory work. The authors are thankful to Dr. Soma Giri, Mr. Babu Lal, Mr. Sheetal Kumar and Mr. Gobind Prasad Modi for helping in performing all the field as well as laboratory work. The authors are grateful to Dr. Abhay Kumar Singh, the Director of Geo-Environment Division (EMG), Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, for helping in analysing the samples in ICP-MS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosure/declaration
This manuscript and its authors are not involved in any potential conflicts of interest. The authors confirm that no experiments were performed on human/animals which are against The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association. The authors also declare that this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Stuart Simpson
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 3868 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumari, P., Maiti, S.K. Metal(loid) contamination in water, sediment, epilithic periphyton and fish in three interconnected ecosystems and health risk assessment through intake of fish cooked in Indian style. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 41914–41927 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10023-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10023-8