Skip to main content
Log in

Investigations on the effects of etoxazole in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pesticides are used to protect crops and to eliminate pests, though non-target organisms such as mammals are also affected from their usage. Etoxazole (organoflourine pesticide) is an acaricide used to combat spider mites which are the parasites of various crops. The present study aims to investigate the effects of etoxazole on the level of MDA (malondialdehyde) and activities of CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos). Rats received etoxazole intraperitoneally with doses of 2.2, 11, and 22 mg/kg b.w./day for 21 days. Control rats received the same volume of the serum physiologic. Following etoxazole exposures, activities of CAT, GPx, and AChE in the liver and kidney of rats significantly decreased at all doses compared to control group. Oppositely, MDA levels in these tissues increased significantly at all doses following etoxazole exposures. The present study demonstrated that etoxazole, at all doses, had toxic effects in the liver and kidney parameters, suggesting their possible use as effective biomarkers in determining the toxic effects of etoxazole. This may suggest that these biomarkers could also be used as a tool to monitor pesticide-affected areas before severe toxic effects begin in non-target animals and humans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akhgari M, Abdollahi M, Kebryaeezadeh A, Hosseini R, Sabzevari O (2003) Biochemical evidence for free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a mechanism for subchronic toxicity of malathion in blood and liver of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 4:205–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A (2009) Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol 2:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barski D, Spodniewska A, Zasadowski A (2011) Activity of superoxide dysmutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and erofloxacin. Polish J Vet Sci 14(4):523–529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj S, Srivastava MK, Kapoor U, Srivastava LP (2010) A 90 days oral toxicity of imidacloprid in female rats: morphological, biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Food Chem Toxicol 48:1185–1190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bocquené G, Galgani F, Truquet P (1990) Characterization and assay conditions for use of AChE activity from several marine species in pollution monitoring. Mar Environ Res 30(2):75–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekeyser MA (2005) Acaricide mode of action. Pest Manag Sci 61(2):103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draper HH, Hadley M (1990) Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 186:421–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fetoui H, Makni M, Garoui EM, Zeghal N (2010) Toxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, on the rat kidney: involvement of oxidative stress and protective role of ascorbic acid. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62:593–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines TB, Linder RE (1986) Acute toxicity of pesticides in adult and weanling rats. Fundamen App Toxicol 7(2):299–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gur O, Ozdal M, Algur O.F (2014) Biodegradation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia OG2. Tr J Biol 38(5): 684–689

  • Hua F, Yunlong Y, Xiaoqiang C, Xiuguo W, Xiaoe Y, Jingquan Y (2009) Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity. J Environ Sci 21:380–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jett DA, Navoa RV (1999) In vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos on glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat brain. Neurotoxicology 21(1–2):141–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin Y, Pan X, Fu Z (2014) Exposure to bifenthrin causes immunotoxicity and oxidativestress in male mice. Environ Toxicol 29(9):991–999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karatas A, Bahceci Z, Baspınar E (2011) The effect of diazinon on egg fertility and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Tr J Biol 35(1):95–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanu KC, Ijioma SN, Atiata O (2016) Haematological, biochemical and antioxidant changes in Wistar rats exposed to dichlorvos based insecticide formulation used in Southeast Nigeria. Toxics 4(4):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nauen R, Smagghe G (2006) Mode of action of etoxazole. Pest management sci 62(5):379–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ncir M, Ben Salah G, Kamoun H, Makni Ayadi F, Khabir A, El Feki A, Saoudi M (2015) Histopathological, oxidative damage, biochemical, and genotoxicity alterations in hepatic rats exposed to deltamethrin: modulatory effects of garlic (Allium sativum). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 94(6):571–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezg R, Mornagui B, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N (2008) Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331(9):655–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Bayo F (2011) Impacts of agricultural pesticides on terrestrial ecosystems. In: Sánchez-Bayo F (ed) Ecological impacts of toxic chemicals. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd, USA, pp 63–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva D, Chioua M, Samadi A, Agostinho P, Garção P, Lajarín-Cuesta R, Mendes E (2013) Synthesis, pharmacological assessment, and molecular modeling of acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: effect against amyloid-β-induced neurotoxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 4(4):547–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syed F, Chandravanshi LP, Khanna VK, Soni I (2016) Beta-cyfluthrin induced neurobehavioral impairments in adult rats. Chem Int 243:19–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XZ, Liu SS, Sun Y, Wu JY, Zhou YL, Zhang JH (2009) Beta-cypermethrin impairs reproductive function in male mice by inducing oxidative stress. Theriogenology 72:599–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston GW (1991) Oxidants and antioxidants in aquatic animals. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1:173–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Qian M, Zhang H, Nie J, Ye J, Li Z (2016) Etoxazole is metabolized enantioselectively in liver microsomes of rat and human in vitro. Environ Sci Technol 50(17):9682–9688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz M, Rencuzogullari E, Canli M (2015) The effects of cyfluthrin on some biomarkers in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(6):4747–4752

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu M, Li SM, Li XY, Zhang BJ, Wang JJ (2008) Acute effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid on the antioxidant enzyme system of mouse liver. Ecotox Environ Safe 71:903–908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Research Fund of Cukurova University (FEF2006D18).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mustafa Canli.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict(s) of interest.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yilmaz, M., Rencuzogullari, E. & Canli, M. Investigations on the effects of etoxazole in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 19635–19639 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9601-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9601-5

Keywords

Navigation