Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the contamination levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn) in surface water and sediment of the Halda River. The observed order of heavy metal concentration in water for Al > Ni > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr > Co > Hg (mg/l) and for sediments Al > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd > Hg (mg/kg), respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn in water, whereas in sediment Pb, Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn were found above the permissible limit (WHO 2004; USEPA 2006; EPA 1986, 2002 and ECR 1997). Significant variations in the concentrations of Al and Ni were found in water (p < 0.05) while Cr, Cu, Pb, Co, Mn, and Ni showed substantial changes in sediment (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix revealed anthropogenic intrusions of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mn in water and sediment. In case of water, very strong linear relationship was found in Hg vs Pb (0.941), Mn vs Zn (0.939), and Ni vs Cu (0.922) at the significance level 0.01. In sediment, very strong linear relationships were found in Mn vs Cr (0.999), Co vs Ni (0.999), Ni vs Cu (0.994), Zn vs Pb (0.993), Co vs Cu (0.992), Cu vs Cr (0.990), Mn vs Cu (0.989), Mn vs Ni (0.975), Mn vs Co (0.975), Ni vs Cr (0.974), Co vs Cr (0.972), Mn vs Pb (0.951), Cr vs Pb (0.948), Zn vs Cr (0.944), and Mn vs Zn (0.941) at the significance level 0.01 which direct that their common origin entirely from industrial effluents, municipal wastes, and agricultural activities. The study shows that seasonal water flows/water discharge (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) have an impact on the mobility of metals. Elevated levels of metals were detected during monsoon in sediments (Pb, Cr, Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Mn) and post-monsoon in water (Cd, Hg, Ni, Co, Mn). The detection of high-risk metals in the Halda River may demonstrate that metals can cause significant effects on fry and fingerlings of the Gangetic carp fishery and prawn fishery (via sub-lethal and lethal effects and bioaccumulation or secondary poisoning of metals to fish and prawn).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aderinola OJ, Clarke EO, Olarinmoye OM, Kusemiju V, Anatekhai MA (2009) Heavy metals in surface water, sediments fish and Perwinklesof Lagos Lagoon. Am Eurasian J Agric & Environ Sci 5:609–617
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2004) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/
Ahmad MK, Islam S, Rahman S, Haque MR, Islam MM (2010) Heavy metals in water, sediment and some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res 4:321–332
Ahmed MK, Ahamed S, Rahman S, Haque MR, Islam MM (2009) Heavy metals concentration in water, sediments and their bioaccumulation in some freshwater fishes and mussel in Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh. Terrist Aquat Environ Toxicol 3:33–41
Ahmed ATB, Mandal S, Chowdhury DA, Rayhan MA, Tareq RM (2012) Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in Ayre Fish (Sperata Aor Hamilton, 1822), sediment and water of Dhaleshwari River in dry season, Bangladesh. J Zool 40:147–153
Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam MS, Al-Mamun MH, Islam S, Mohiduzzaman M, Bhattacharjee L (2015) Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeorohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 128:284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.016
Alam AMS, Islam MA, Rahman MA, Siddique MN, Matin MA (2003) Comparative study of the toxic metals and non-metal status in the major river system of Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ J Sci 51:201–208
Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ (2016) Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 5:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.01.002
Ali MA, Rahman SA, Roy U, Haque MF, Islam MA (2010) Problems and prospects of fish fry trade in Jessore district, Bangladesh. Mar Res Aquat 1:38–45
American Public Health Association (APHA) (1995) Standard methods for the examination for water and wastewater, 19th edn. Byrd Prepess Springfield, Washington
Bai J, Xiao R, Cui B, Zhang K, Wang Q, Liu X, Gao H, Huang L (2011) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environ Pollut 159:817–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.004
Balkis N, Aksu A, Okus E, Apak R (2010) Heavy metal concentrations in water, suspended matter, and sediment from Gokova Bay, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 167:359–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1055-x
Balkis N, Topcuoglu S, Guven KC, Ozturk B, Topaloglu B, Kırbasoglu C, Aksu A (2007) Heavy metals in shallow sediments from the Black Sea, Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea regions of Turkey. J Black Sea/Mediterr Environ 13:147–153
Ballatori N, Clarkson TW (1985) Biliary secretion of glutathione and of glutathione-metal complexes. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:816–831
Banerjee N, Nandy S, Kearns JK (2011) Polymorphisms in the TNF-α and IL10 gene promoters and risk of arsenic-induced skin lesions and other non-dermatological health effects. Toxicol Sci 121:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr046
Banu Z, Chowdhury MSA, Hossain MD, Nakagami K (2013) Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in the sediment of Turag River Bangladesh: an index analysis approach. J Water Resour Prot 5:239–248. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.52024
Bhuiyan MAH, Dampare SB, Islam MA, Suzuki S (2015) Source apportionment and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in water and sediments of Buriganga River, Bangladesh, using multivariate analysis and pollution evaluation indices. Environ Monit Assess 187:4075–4075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4075-0
Bhuyan MS, Bakar MA, Islam MS, Akhtar A (2016) Heavy metals status in some commercially important fishes of Meghna River adjacent to Narsingdi District, Bangladesh: health risk assessment. Am J Life Sci 4:60–70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20160402.17
Choi BH, Cho KH, Lapham LW (1981) Effects of methylmercury on human fetal neurons and astrocytes in vitro: a time-lapse cinematographic, phase and electron microscopic study. Environ Res 24:61–74 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90132-8
Dreher T (2003) Evaluation of graphical and multivariate methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeol J 11:605–606
EC (European Commission) (1998) Council Directive 98/83/. EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. L 330/32, 5.12.98
ECR (1997) The environment conservation rules. Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Environment and Forest pp 205–207
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1986) Office of water policy and technical guidance on interpretation and implementation of aquatic life metals criteria
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Risk assessment: technical background information. RBG table. Available from http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/index.htm
Faisal BMR, Ratan KM, Mohammed JU, Mohammed AH (2014) Studies on heavy metals in industrial effluent, river and groundwater of Savar industrial area, Bangladesh by Principal Component Analysis. Int J Geomatics Geosci 5:182–191
Fang Y, Sun X, Yang W (2014) Concentrations and health risks of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in rice and edible mushrooms in China. Food Chem 147:147–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.116
FAO (1985) Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev.1
Gao X, Chen CTA, Wang G, Xue Q, Tang C, Chen S (2009) Environmental status of Daya Bay surface sediments inferred from a sequential extraction technique. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 86:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.10.012
Grigoratos T, Samara C, Voutsa D, Manoli E, Kouras A (2014) Chemical composition and mass closure of ambient coarse particles at traffic and urban background sites in Thessaloniki, Greece. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:7708–7722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2732-z
Hassan M, Mirza ATM, Rahman T, Saha B, Kamal AKI (2015) Status of heavy metals in water and sediment of the Meghna River, Bangladesh. Am J Environ Sci 11:427.439. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.427.439
He Z, Song J, Zhang N, Zhang P, Xu Y (2009) Variation characteristics and ecological risk of heavy metals in the south Yellow Sea surface sediments. Environ Monit Assess 157:515–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0552-7
Hossain MM, Kibria G, Mallick D, Lau TC, Wu R, Nugegoda D (2015) Pollution monitoring in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas of Bangladesh with artificial mussel (AM) technology-findings, ecological significances, implications and recommendations. 57 p. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1808.4646
Ideriah TJK, David-Omiema S, Ogbonna DN (2012) Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment along Abonnema Shoreline, Nigeria. Resour Environ 2:33–40. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.re.20120201.05
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Hoque MF (2015a) Preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from a river in Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 73:1837–1848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3538-5
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam MK (2015b) Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecol Indic 48:282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Masunaga S (2015c) Metal speciation in sediment and their bioaccumulation in fish species of three urban rivers in Bangladesh. Archi Environ Contam Toxicol 68:92–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0079-6
Islam SMD, Bhuiyan MAH, Rume T, Mohinuzzaman M (2016) Assessing heavy metal contamination in the bottom sediments of Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh; using pollution evaluation indices and geo-spatial analysis. Pollution 2:299–312. https://doi.org/10.7508/pj.2016.03.005
Islam F, Rahman M, Khan SSA, Ahmed B, Bakar A, Halder M (2013) Heavy metals in water, sediment and some fishes of Karnofuly River, Bangladesh. Pollut Res 32:715–721
Islam MM, Rahman SL, Ahmed SU, Haque MKI (2014) Biochemical characteristics and accumulation of heavy metals in fishes, water and sediments of the river Burigonga and Shitalakhya of Bangladesh. J Asian Sci Res 4:270–279
Jordao CP, Pereira MG, Bellato CR, Pereira JL, Matos AT (2002) Assessment of water systems for contaminants from domestic and industrial sewages. Environ Monit Assess 79:75–100. https://doi.org/10.1023/a: 1020085813555
Kabir MH, Kibria MM, Jashimuddin M, Hossain MM (2013) Economic valuation of tangible resources from Halda-the carp spawning unique river located at southern part of Bangladesh. Int J Water Res 1:30–36
Khadse GK, Patni PM, Kelkar PS, Devotta S (2008) Qualitative evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries flowing over central Indian plateau. Environ Monit Assess 147:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0100-x
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 152:686–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056
Kibria G, Hossain MM, Mallick D, Lau TC, Wu R (2016a) Monitoring of metal pollution in waterways across Bangladesh and ecological and public health implications of pollution. Chemosphere 165:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.121
Kibria G, Hossain MM, Mallick D, Lau TC, Wu R (2016b) Trace/heavy metal pollution monitoring in estuary and coastal area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and implicated impacts. Mar Pollut Bull 105:93–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.021
Martin JAR, Arana CD, Ramos-Miras JJ, Gil C, Boluda R (2015) Impact of 70 years urban growth associated with heavy metal pollution. Environ Pollut 196:156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.014
Mohiuddin KM, Alam MM, Ahmed I, Chowdhury AK (2015) Heavy metal pollution load in sediment samples of the Buriganga river in Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 13:229–238
Mokaddes MAA, Nahar BS, Baten MA (2013) Status of heavy metal contaminations of river water of Dhaka Metropolitan City. J Environ Sci Nat Resour 5:349–353
Nduka JK, Orisakwe OE (2011) Water-quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: a look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0366-3
NNPC and RIP (1986) Reports for the establishment of controls and standards against petroleum related pollution in Nigeria No RPI/R/84/15-7p111A 100–103
Nobi EP, Dilipan E, Thangaradjou T, Sivakumar K, Kannan L (2010) Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of heavy metal concentration in the sediments of different coastal ecosystems of Andaman Islands, India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 87:253–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.12.019
Noori R, Abdoli MA, Ghasrodashti AA, Ghazizade MJ (2008) Prediction of municipal solid waste generation with combination of support vector machine and principal component analysis: a case study of Mashhad. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10317
Noori R, Khakpour A, Omidvar B, Farokhnia A (2010a) Comparison of ANN and principal component analysis-multivariate linear regression models for predicting the river flow based on developed discrepancy ratio statistic. Expert Syst Appl 37:5856–5862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.02.020
Noori R, Sabahi MS, Karbassi AR, Baghvand A, Taati Zadeh H (2010b) Multivariate statistical analysis of surface water quality based on correlations and variations in the data set. Desalination. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.053
Pan K, Wang WX (2012) Trace metal contamination in estuarine and coastal environments in China. Sci Total Environ 421-422:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.013
Patra RWR, Azadi MA (1985) Limnology of the Halda river. J NOAMI 2:31–38
Rahman MM, Asaduzzaman M, Naidu R (2013) Consumption of arsenic and other elements from vegetables and drinking water from an arsenic-contaminated area of Bangladesh. J Hazard Mater 262:1056–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.045
Rahman MS, Saha N, Molla AH (2014) Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and water body around Dhaka export processing zone, Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 71:2293–2308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2631-5
Rashid H, Hasan MN, Tanu MB, Parveen R, Sukhan ZP, Rahman MS, Mahmud Y (2012) Heavy metal pollution and chemical profile of Khiru River, Bangladesh. Int J Environ 2:57–63
Saha P, Hossain M (2011) Assessment of heavy metal concentration and sediment quality in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Internationa proceedings of chemical, biological and environmental engineering, Singa- Pore City, 26-28 February 2010, pp. VI-384 -VI-387
Sekabira K, Oryem Origa H, Basamba TA, Mutumba G, Kakudidi E (2010) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:435–446
Shanbehzadeh S, Dastjerdi MV, Hassanzadeh A, Kiyanizadeh T (2014) Heavy metals in water and sediment: a case study of Tembi River. J Environ Public Healt 2014:5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/858720
Singh KP, Malik A, Mohan D, Sinha S (2004) Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Wat Res 38:3980–3992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.011
Sultan K, Shazili NA (2009) Distribution and geochemical baselines of major, minor and trace elements in tropical topsoils of the Terengganu Riverbasin, Malaysia. J Geochem Explor 103:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.07.001
Tarra-Wahlberg NH, Flachierm A, Lane SN, Sangfors O (2001) Environmental impacts and metal exposure of aquatic ecosystems in rivers contaminated by small scale gold mining: the Puyango River Basin, Sourthen Ecuador. Sci Total Environ 278:239–261
Topcuoglu S, Olmez E, Kırbasoglu C, Yılmaz YZ, Saygın N (2004) Heavy metal and radioactivity in biota and sediment samples collected from Ünye in the eastern Black Sea. Proceedings 37th CIESM (commission Internationale pour exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterrane’e) congress. Barcelona, Spain, 250 pp
Tsai CF, Islam MN, Karim R, Rahman KUMS (1981) Spawning of major carps in the lower Halda River, Bangladesh. Estuaries 4:127–138
USEPA (1999) US Environmental Protection Agency: screening level ecological risk assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities. Appendix E Toxicity Ref Values 3
USEPA (2006) National recommended water quality criteria. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology
WHO (2004) Guidelines for drinking water. Quality, 3rd Edition, World Health Organization, p. 515
WHO (2008) Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva
Wilson B, Pyatt FB (2007) Heavy metal dispersion persistence, and bioaccumulation around an ancient copper mine situated in Anglesey, UK. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.015
Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S (2011) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river basin. Environ Pollut 159:2575–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.011
Zakir HM, Moshfiqur RM, Rahman A, Ahmed I, Hossain MA (2012) Heavy metals and major ionic pollution assessment in waters of midstream of the river Karatoa in Bangladesh. J Environ Sci Nat Resour 5:149–160. https://doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14806
Zhang C, Qiao Q, Piper JDA, Huang B (2011) Assessment of heavy metal pollution from a Fe-smelting plant in urban river sediments using environmental magnetic and geochemical methods. Environ Pollut 159:3057–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.006
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong. The proposed research is a major contribution of Biodiversity, Environment and Climate Change Research Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong. Authors also express heartiest thanks to the reviewers for their valuable guidelines to improve the paper quality.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhuyan, M.S., Bakar, M.A. Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water and sediments in the Halda River, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 27587–27600 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0204-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0204-y