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Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in e-waste plastic in Nigeria

  • 12th IHPA Forum and selected studies on POPs
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Abstract

Plastics from cathode ray tube (CRT) casings were sampled in Nigeria and analysed for their polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F) content. PBDD/Fs, consisting mainly of PBDFs, were detected in BFR containing plastic with a median (mean) concentration of 18,000 ng/g (41,000 ng/g). The PBDD/Fs levels were highest in samples containing PBDEs, but the levels of PBDFs were two orders of magnitude higher than the levels reported in the technical PBDE mixtures and where frequently exceeding 1000 μg/g of PBDE content. These higher levels are likely to arise from additional transformation of PBDEs during production, use, recycling, or storage, but the processes responsible were not identified in this study. PBDD/Fs in CRT casings containing1,2-bistribromophenoxyethane (TBPE) were dominated by tetrabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TBDDs) with concentrations around 10 μg/g of the TBPE content. The PBDD/Fs in CRT casings containing tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were found at concentrations around 0.1 μg/g of TBBPA levels. Casings treated with TBPE or TBBPA often contained PBDEs (and PBDF) as impurities—probably originating from recycled e-waste plastics. It was estimated that the 237,000 t of CRT casings stockpiled in Nigeria contain between 2 and 8 t of PBDD/Fs. The total PBDD/F contamination in polymers arising from total historic PBDE production/use is estimated in the order of 1000 t. TEQ values of CRT samples frequently exceeded the Basel Convention’s provisional low POPs content of 15 ng TEQ/g. Due to the significant risks to health associated with PBDD/Fs, more detailed studies on the exposure routes from PBDD/Fs in stockpiles are needed.

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Notes

  1. The TEQ for a sample is the sum of the products of the concentrations of the individual PCDD/F and the respective TEF (Van den Berg et al. 1998)

  2. The GC/MS calculation for TV/EU/292 resulted in an overestimation of the actual c-OctaBDE concentration by a factor of 2 compared to XRF and EDC assessment of 30 % BFR (see supporting information of Sindiku et al. 2014.

  3. In the recycling of e-waste plastic it was observed that in a developing country in Asia BFR containing plastic was partly separated from other plastic by simple sink/float technology due to the request of customers for flame retarded plastic for recycling (Schluep 2014).

  4. For the study PBDE/BFR in e-waste plastic GC-ECD was preferably used (Sindiku et al. 2014) since the system can be heated to temperature above 300 °C to clean the system and for minimising BFR contamination/blanks in the equipment since the BFR levels vary by 5 orders of magnitude resulting in sometimes high BFR loads in the injection.

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Acknowledgments

Funding from the Norwegian government to the Secretariat of the SC for partly financing the stay of Omotayo Sindiku at Umea University is appreciated. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding institutions. The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    O. Sindiku, J. O. Babayemi & O. Osibanjo

  2. Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    M. Tysklind & S. Lundstedt

  3. Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the African Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    O. Osibanjo

  4. POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany

    R. Weber

  5. Public Interest Consultants, Eaton Crescent, Uplands, Swansea, Wales, UK, SA1 4QR

    A. Watson

  6. Department Product Safety and Analysis, Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354, Freising, Germany

    M. Schlummer

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Correspondence to R. Weber.

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Sindiku, O., Babayemi, J.O., Tysklind, M. et al. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in e-waste plastic in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 14515–14529 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5260-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5260-6

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