Abstract
Interspecific comparison in metals and PAHs profile in three lichen species, Flavoparmelia caperata, Phaeophyscia hispidula and Pyxine sorediata, were studied in different altitudinal gradients of the Western Himalayas. The species collected from 14 sites, enroute from Dehradun to Morinda (243 Km) including the trekking route 42 Km from Taluka to Morinda having an altitudinal gradient between 850–3,750 m, were analysed for their metals and PAHs. The species showed similar metal as well as PAHs profile under similar altitudinal gradients in the sequence of F. caperata > P. hispidula > P. sorediata. The difference in pollutant concentrations within each lichen species may be related to intrinsic attributes of the species, such as thallus morphology and the presence of lichen substances which are responsible for the sensitivity and accumulation potential of a particular species. Novelty of the present study lies on the fact that all the species show a similar efficiency of reflecting the environmental condition of the area, albeit the coefficient values of individual species for individual pollutant obtained by three-factor ANOVA revealed that the bioaccumulation affinity of F. caperata is significantly higher than P. hispidula and P. sorediata. For individual metals, F. caperata has a higher affinity for Al, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn while P. hispidula has a significant positive affinity for Fe and Pb. PCA analysis of sites with respect to pollutant revealed the segregation of sites based on source and distance. Combining the bioaccumulation potential parameters along with geostatistical (GIS) techniques establishes that F. caperata species is a better accumulator of metals and PAHs in comparison to P. hispidula and P. sorediata in the temperate regions of the Himalaya.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-NBRI and CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow for providing facilities and encouragements. Authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewer for his valuable comments. DKU acknowledges the financial support from BSC 0106. RB and VS are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST-SERB), New Delhi, for the award of Young Scientist fellowships, SR/FTP/ES-30/2013 and SR/FTP/ES-39/2013, respectively. One of the authors MS acknowledge the project BSC-0203.
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Bajpai, R., Shukla, V., Upreti, D.K. et al. Selection of suitable lichen bioindicator species for monitoring climatic variability in the Himalaya. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 11380–11394 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3063-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3063-9