Abstract
The uptake of the organophosphates tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), the insect repellant N,N-diethyl toluamide (DEET), and the plasticizer n-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) into plants was studied in greenhouse experiments and simulated with a dynamic physiological plant uptake model. The calibrated model was coupled to a tipping buckets soil transport model and a field scenario with sewage sludge application was simulated. High uptake of the polar, low-volatile compounds TCEP, TCPP, and DEET into plants was found, with highest concentrations in straw (leaves and stem). Uptake into carrot roots was high for TCPP and TBP. NBBS showed no high uptake but was rapidly degraded. Uptake into barley seeds was small. The pattern and levels of uptake could be reproduced by the model simulations, which indicates mainly passive uptake and transport (i.e., by the transpiration stream, with the water) into and within the plants. Also the field simulations predicted a high uptake from soil into plants of TCEP, TCPP, and DEET, while TBP is more likely taken up from air. The BCF values measured and calculated in the greenhouse study are in most cases comparable to the calculated values of the field scenario, which demonstrates that greenhouse studies can be suitable for predicting the behavior of chemicals in the field. Organophosphates have a high potential for bioaccumulation in crops and reach agricultural fields both via sewage sludge and by atmospheric deposition.
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded partly by the European Union, project PHARMAS (grant agreement No. 265 346 (modeling work)) and the Norwegian Research Council, the Food Program (1848339/I10 to TE; plant uptake experiments). We also thank Hans Ragnar Norli, Bioforsk, for analytical work and Isak Drozdik, Mette Hjermann, Henk Maessen, and Hans Martin Hanslin for their contribution throughout the growth experiment. Thanks to Sabine Houot, Philippe Cambier, Claire-Sophie Haudin (INRA), Jeanne Serre and Violaine Brochier (Veolia Environnement) for their cooperation (Feucherolles study, Legind et al. 2012). Thanks also to Arno Rein and Charlotte N. Legind for assistance with model implementation and parameterization and for Figure 1.
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Trapp, S., Eggen, T. Simulation of the plant uptake of organophosphates and other emerging pollutants for greenhouse experiments and field conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 4018–4029 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1337-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1337-7