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Lipidomics focusing on serum polar lipids reveals species dependent stress resistance of fish under tropical storm

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Abstract

The serum polar lipid metabolic changes for two common cage-cultured fishes, yellow coraker Pseudosciaena crocea and Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, after tropical storm attack have been studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography—quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). The full scan mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated that yellow croaker underwent significant chemico-physiological changes during the recovery process, whereas Japanese seabass did not show such noticeable time-dependent consistent metabolites change patterns. Further identification of the metabolite biomarkers showed the increase of phosphatidylcholine with high unsaturated fatty acid and lysophospholipids, and the decrease of phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acids and plasmologens, which indicated the need of energy supplement and successive stressful inflammation. The increase of taurocholic acid and decrease of cortol could be regarded as the physiological alleviation measure during the recovery period. This is the first metabolomic study to tackle the fish physiological response for the complex environmental changes, and demonstrated that lipidomics is an effective analytical tool for predicting the stress resistance of fish to ultra uncontrolled environmental stress.

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Abbreviations

UPLC:

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography

Q-TOF MS:

Quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

TIC:

Total ion current chromatogram

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

PCA:

Principal components analysis

OPLS-DA:

Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

LPC:

Lysophosphatidyl choline

HUFA:

High unsaturated fatty acid

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, China (PCSIRT) IRT0734; National Key Technology R&D Program, China (2007BAD43B07), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation, China (Y3110498) and also partly sponsored by K.C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, 315211, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaojun Yan, Jilin Xu, Juanjuan Chen, Deying Chen, Shanliang Xu, Qijun Luo & Yajun Wang

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  1. Xiaojun Yan
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  2. Jilin Xu
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  3. Juanjuan Chen
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  4. Deying Chen
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Correspondence to Xiaojun Yan.

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Fig. S1

Typical total ion current chromatograms of metabolites obtained from a serum sample of Cage-farming P. crocea (TIFF 289 kb)

Fig. S2

PCA scores scatter plot in negative ion scan mode for the first two components of P. crocea (▲) and L. japonicus (✳). (TIFF 2512 kb)

Fig. S3

PCA scores plot in negative ion scan mode for the first two components of P. crocea, which were collected on October 9 (●1), October 12 (■2), October 15 (▲3) and October 22 (✳4), 2007, successively. (TIFF 2401 kb)

Fig. S4

PCA scores plot in negative ion scan mode for the first two components of L. japonicus, which were collected on October 9 (●1), October 12 (■2), October 15 (▲3) and October 22 (✳4), 2007, successively. (TIFF 1949 kb)

Fig. S5

Scores scatter plot of OPLS-DA(A) and Validation plot (B) of PLS-DA analysis on P. crocea in negative ion scan mode, which compared the last sample group (▲,Group4, collected on October 9) versus the first sample group (■,Group 1,collected on October 9). R 2 (▲) is the explained variance, Q 2 (■) is the predictive ability of the model. (TIFF 3454 kb)

Fig. S6

Scores scatter plot (A) and Validation plot (B) of OPLS-DA analysis on L. japonicus in negative ion scan mode, which compared the last sample group (▲,Group4, collected on October 9) versus the first sample group (■,Group 1,collected on October 9). R 2 (▲) is the explained variance, Q 2 (■) is the predictive ability of the model. (TIFF 1543 kb)

Fig. S7

Identification of cortol. A. Extracted ion chromatograms of the negative ion (m/z 367.25) in 100 μM authentic cortol. B. MS/MS spectrum of authentic cortol. C. Extracted ion chromatograms of the negative ion (m/z 367.25) in serum sample of P. crocea. D. MS/MS spectrum of m/z 367.25 from P. crocea serum. Both ion chromatograms were extracted in 0.01 Da mass range of m/z 367.25 in the negative ion mode. MS/MS fragmentation was conducted with collision energy ramping from 15 to 55 eV. (TIFF 2544 kb)

Fig. S8

Identification and characterization of the metabolite at 13.83 min in the chromatogram of serum sample of Cage-farming P. crocea in Figure S1. A. The mass spectra of the metabolite at the low collision energy of 5 V in the positive mode with MSE technique. B. The mass spectra of the metabolite at the low collision energy of 5 V in the negative mode with MSE technique. C. MS/MS spectrum of [M + H] + (m/z 806.5730) in positive ion mode. MS/MS fragmentation was conducted with collision energy ramping from 15 to 55 eV. D. MS/MS spectrum of [M-CH3] − (m/z 790.5374) in negative ion mode. MS/MS fragmentation was conducted with collision energy ramping from 15 to 55 eV. (TIFF 405 kb)

Table S1 Summary of metabolite ions that showed significant changes in sera of P. crocea. (DOC 103 kb)

Table S2 Summary of metabolite ions that showed significant changes in sera of L. japonicus. (DOC 94 kb)

Text S1 Identification of cortol. (DOC 25 kb)

Text S2 Identification of PC (16:0/22:6). (DOC 33 kb)

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Yan, X., Xu, J., Chen, J. et al. Lipidomics focusing on serum polar lipids reveals species dependent stress resistance of fish under tropical storm. Metabolomics 8, 299–309 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-011-0307-2

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