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Candidate defense genes as predictors of partial resistance in ‘Président Roulin’ against apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis

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Abstract

Scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of apple. Although major scab resistance genes (R gene) have been widely studied, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying partial resistance, thought to be more durable. We used a candidate gene approach to decipher the genetic determinism of the durable partial resistance in ‘Président Roulin’, an old Belgian apple cultivar. Pathological tests using monoconidial isolates of V. inaequalis on F1 ‘Gala’ x ‘Président Roulin’ progeny suggested that partial resistance was broad spectrum but resulted from the combination of several race-specific interactions and was governed by at least five R genes. From an earlier transcript profiling study, we selected 13 pathogen-regulated genes in ‘Président Roulin’ with a known role in plant defense and characterized their expression over a time-course experiment. These candidate defense genes (CDGs) were regulated between 6 and 120 h after inoculation. Most were significantly up- or downregulated in incompatible interactions only or were induced earlier compared with compatible interactions. Among them, eight were mapped in silico within chromosomal regions containing disease resistance factors (R gene analogues, major scab R genes or quantitative trait loci). We also investigated the extent of the correlation between CDG expression data and phenotypic variation in the progeny. We estimated that the induction of nine out of 10 CDGs accounted for up to 46 % of the phenotypic variance. Our study has improved the understanding of partial apple scab resistance and could be used in developing functional molecular markers for breeding new ‘spray-free’ cultivars with durable scab resistance.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Valérie Caffier from Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in Angers, France, and Vincent Bus from the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research (PFR) in Havelock North, New Zealand, for supplying the V. inaequalis isolates. We are also grateful to Vincent for his helpful advice on the implementation of the pathological test in small inoculation chambers. We thank Yves Brostaux (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Belgium) for assisting in the statistical analysis of the gene expression data as well as Sébastien Massart (GxABT-University of Liège, Belgium) and Amy Watson (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Australia) for revising the manuscript draft. We thank the RGF team at CRA-W (particularly Laurent Delpierre, Thibaut Donis, Pascal Dupont, Alain Rondia, Patrick Houben and Anne Van Landschoot) for helping in the grafting and growing of the apple trees used in this experiment. This work was supported by the Moerman funds (CRA-W) within the framework of the POMINNO project entitled ‘Recherche de méthodes rapides de sélection de variétés innovantes de pommes de qualités différenciées et adaptées à une agriculture durable’.

Data archiving statement

The cDNA sequences that formed the basis of our gene expression study were deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank in the library LIBEST_028504 under the following accession numbers: 43DU149′/JZ719417, 56AU33′/JZ719506, 44AU9/JZ719419, 2EU181/JZ719320, 53HU89/JZ719483, 43DU149/JZ719416, 51HU129′/JZ719472, 44EU122/ JZ719578, 44EU118/ JZ719577, 37DU41/ JZ719360, 44GU182/JZ719427, 56AU29/ JZ719503, 44GU173/JZ719426.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Life Sciences Department, Breeding and Biodiversity Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Rue de Liroux, 4, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Héloïse Bastiaanse, Yordan Muhovski & Marc Lateur

  2. Life Sciences Department, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Chaussée de Charleroi, 234, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Dominique Mingeot

  3. Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Héloïse Bastiaanse

Authors
  1. Héloïse Bastiaanse
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  2. Yordan Muhovski
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  3. Dominique Mingeot
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  4. Marc Lateur
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Correspondence to Héloïse Bastiaanse.

Additional information

Communicated by E. Dirlewanger

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Disease Resistance

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ESM 1

(A.) Resistance reactions observed on ‘Président Roulin’ leaves under natural infection in the orchard compared with (B.) the heavy sporulation on a susceptible ‘Gala’ leaf. (C.) close-up of the different reactions observed on ‘Président Roulin’: Necrosis (N) with limited sporulation, Chlorosis-Necrosis symptoms (Ch/N) and No Reaction (NR) with limited sporulation. (PNG 1149 kb)

ESM 2

Scab resistance reactions observed on a ‘Gala’ x ‘Président Roulin’ progeny 21 days after controlled inoculation with various monoconidial V. inaequalis isolates using the small chambers inoculation technique (Bus et al. 2005). (A.) Setting up the inoculation chambers on the leaf, a different isolate being inoculated in each well. (B.) Differential interactions obtained with the incompatible isolate 1639 (left, pin-point) and the compatible isolate EU-NL24 (right, heavy sporulation), alongside a close-up of different scab symptoms: (C) HR reactions (pin point), (D) chlorosis, (E) stellate necrosis, 33 (F) chlorosis with limited sporulation, (G) chlorosis and necrosis with limited sporulation, (H) susceptibility. (PNG 1862 kb)

ESM 3

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Bastiaanse, H., Muhovski, Y., Mingeot, D. et al. Candidate defense genes as predictors of partial resistance in ‘Président Roulin’ against apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis . Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 125 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0948-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0948-9

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