Abstract
A Load and Interference aware Resource Allocation strategy (LIRA) is proposed for multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), combining multiple mechanisms that efficiently optimise radio resources (rate, power and channel) to guarantee max–min fair capacity to every aggregating Mesh Access Point (MAP). LIRA is composed of a rate adaptation and power control mechanism, sensitive to the fat-tree traffic specificities of WMNs, using the highest bit rates at MAP gateways and using, for the ramified links, the minimum ones that satisfy their capacity needs. This enables to efficiently reduce the transmitted power and interference, advantageous for channel reutilisation. LIRA also integrates a load and interference aware channel assignment mechanism, allowing the simultaneous operation of all links without interference. When this is not achievable, two auxiliary mechanisms of channel sharing and interference-free channel reuse can be sub-sequentially used, reducing the capacity of certain MAPs to guarantee fairness to all nodes. LIRA’s gateway flow-control mechanism guarantees that all MAPs respect the allocated capacity, guaranteeing that every MAP is able to operate at its max–min fair capacity. The performance of LIRA is evaluated through simulation, considering IEEE 802.11a. For a classical hexagonal deployment of 19 MAPs with an Internet gateway, it is shown how with only 5 channels LIRA guarantees to every MAP a max–min fair capacity of 3.2 Mbit/s, without packet loss, and delay below 6 ms. It guarantees a max–min fair throughput to every MAP, having a capacity usage efficiency of 66.7 %, an energy efficiency of 26.5 Mbit/J and spectrum efficiency of 0.58 bit/s/Hz. For a more challenging scenario with 27 MAPs and 4 gateways, it is shown how LIRA uses its mechanisms in heterogeneous conditions to also guarantee max–min fair throughput to every MAP, between 5 and 11 Mbit/s, without packet loss, and a delay below 12 ms. Any system improvement will enable to reach higher WMN performance levels using the proposed strategy.
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Abbreviations
- \(B\) :
-
Channel bandwidth
- \(C_c \) :
-
Channel
- \(d_{cs} \) :
-
Carrier sensing range
- \(d_{i \, max} \) :
-
Range within which a node may interfere
- \(d_i \) :
-
Interference range
- \(d_{map} \) :
-
Distance between communicating nodes
- \(f_{max-min} \) :
-
WMN max–min fairness of flows throughput
- \(\gamma \) :
-
Path loss exponent
- \(\mathcal{J}\) :
-
Set of interferer MAPs
- \(l_{m,n} \) :
-
Link between \(M_m \) and \(M_n \)
- \(\mathcal{L}_{m,r} \) :
-
Set of links of radio \(M_{m,r} \)
- \(\mathcal{M}_{m,r} \) :
-
Branch of \(M_{m,r} \), set of MAPs with flows crossing \(M_{m,r} \)
- \(L_0 \) :
-
Free-space propagation loss at 1 m
- \(M_{m,r} \) :
-
Radio \(r\) of MAP \(M_m \)
- \(M_m \) :
-
MAP \(m\)
- \(N_{\mathcal{M}_{C_i } } \) :
-
Total number of non-interfering sets of parent-radios
- \(\eta _{energy} \) :
-
WMN energy efficiency
- \(\eta _{phy} \) :
-
Bandwidth usage efficiency
- \(\eta _{spectrum} \) :
-
WMN spectrum efficiency
- \(N_{ch} \) :
-
Number of available orthogonal channels
- \(N_{hop} \left( {M_m } \right) \) :
-
Distance in hops from \(M_m \) to the nearest MPP
- \(N_{flw} \left( {M_{m,r} } \right) \) :
-
Number of flows crossing \(M_{m,r} \)
- \(N_{flw} \left( {l_{m,n} } \right) \) :
-
Number of flows crossing link \(l_{m,n} \)
- \(N_{links} \left( {M_{m,r} } \right) \) :
-
Number of links/children of \(M_{m,r} \)
- \(N_{map} \) :
-
Number of MAPs
- \(P_{cs} \) :
-
Carrier sensing power threshold
- \(P_N \) :
-
Additive white Gaussian noise power
- \(P_{rx} \) :
-
Received power level
- \(P_{rx \, min} \left( {R_{phy} } \right) \) :
-
Receiver sensitivity
- \(P_{rxi \, max} \) :
-
Maximum supported interference
- \(P_{tx} \) :
-
Transmission power level
- \(r\) :
-
Radio of a given MAP
- \(\rho _{min} \) :
-
SINR threshold
- \(R_{fair} \) :
-
Max–min fair capacity of a given MAP
- \(R_{ll} \) :
-
Maximum link-layer throughput (capacity)
- \(R_{load} \) :
-
Load of offered aggregated traffic by a given MAP
- \(R_{phy} \) :
-
Physical bit rate
- \(R_{thr} \) :
-
Achieved throughput of aggregated traffic by a given MAP
- \(\delta _{packet} \) :
-
Percentage of dropped packets
- \(\tau _{packet} \) :
-
WMN packet delay of \(M_m \)’s flow
- \(U\left( {M_i,C_c } \right) \) :
-
Utilisation of channel \(C_c \) by node \(M_i\)
- \(\mathcal{U}\left( {\mathcal{X}_m,C_c } \right) \) :
-
Utilisation of channel \(C_c \) within \(\mathcal{X}_m \)
- \(\mathcal{X}_m \) :
-
\(M_m \)’s interference neighbourhood
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the European Commission under the FP7-ICT-257448 SAIL project. The help of Professor Rui Rocha in reviewing this article is also acknowledged.
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Ferreira, L.S., Correia, L.M. An Efficient and Fair Strategy for Radio Resources Allocation in Multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 75, 1463–1487 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1433-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1433-0