Abstract
Caves are oligotrophic environments, characterized by constant temperatures, high humidity and low natural light. However, microbial shifts can still happen in such environments, especially with the increase in tourist activity and implementation of artificial lights, making caves even more susceptible to environmental changes. As a result, proliferation of phototrophic organisms can increase dramatically, leading to their settlement on stone surfaces, which in turn facilitates the development of heterotrophic organisms, such as fungi and bacteria. The Roman Cryptoporticus of the National Museum Machado de Castro, erected by the Romans in the 1st or second century, is one of the most emblematic buildings in the city of Coimbra. However, the majority of the rooms that constitute this monument show signs of biodeterioration by microalgae and cyanobacteria as well as of fungi. The aim of this study was to characterize the phototrophic and fungal communities at this site, employing culture-dependent and—independent methodologies. Culture-dependent results showed that the phototrophic communities were mainly composed of green microalgae, whereas the culture-independent showed that cyanobacteria were the most dominant. As to the fungal communities, both approaches identified various entomopathogenic fungal species. In addition, the culture-independent analysis also allowed to verify the presence of animal reads, suggesting the hypothesis that animal vectored dispersion can play an important role in the development of fungi at this environment.
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Data availability
The obtained 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA sequences regarding the phototrophic community were deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers OL752432-OL752437, and OL839916-OL839917, respectively. Concerning the fungal community, the obtained ITS and LSU sequences were deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers MZ300861-MZ300895 and MZ300899; MZ269295-MZ269300, respectively. All the data obtained from the Illumina platform analysis was deposited at the international SRA database with the references PRJNA785870 (for phototrophs) and PRJNA694928 (for fungi).
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Leonel Pereira for kindly providing the room for the cultivation of the phototrophic organisms. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Maria de Lurdes Craveiro and Dr. Virginia Gomes, for allowing the sampling campaigns and the research in the NMMC.
Funding
This work was financed by FEDER- Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDERPTDC/EPH-PAT/3345/2014. This work was conducted at the R&D Unit Centre for Functional Ecology—Science for People & the Planet (CFE) with reference UIDB/04004/2020, financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). Fabiana Soares was supported by POCH—Programa Operacional Capital Humano (co-funding by the European Social Fund and national funding by MCTES), through a “FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” PhD research grant (SFRH/BD/139720/2018). João Trovão was supported by POCH—Programa Operacional Capital Humano (co-funding by the European Social Fund and national funding by MCTES), through a “FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” PhD research grant (SFRH/BD/132523/2017).
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FS and JT conceptualized and designed the study, conducted the investigation, analyzed all data, and wrote the manuscript. AP supervised the study, acquired funding, reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Soares, F., Trovão, J. & Portugal, A. Phototrophic and fungal communities inhabiting the Roman cryptoporticus of the national museum Machado de Castro (UNESCO site, Coimbra, Portugal). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38, 157 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03345-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03345-x