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A review on remediation of cyanide containing industrial wastes using biological systems with special reference to enzymatic degradation

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Abstract

Cyanide is a nitrile which is used extensively in many industries like jewelry, mining, electroplating, plastics, dyes, paints, pharmaceuticals, food processing, and coal coking. Cyanides pose a serious health hazard due to their high affinity towards metals and cause malfunction of cellular respiration by inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. This inhibition ultimately leads to histotoxic hypoxia, increased acidosis, reduced the functioning of the central nervous system and myocardial activity. Different physicochemical processes including oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, alkaline chlorination, and ozonization have been used to reduce cyanide waste from the environment. Microbial cyanide degradation which is considered as one the most successful techniques is used to take place through different biochemical/metabolic pathways involving reductive, oxidative, hydrolytic or substitution/transfer reactions. Groups of enzymes involved in microbial degradation are cyanidase, cyanide hydratase, formamidase, nitrilase, nitrile hydratase, cyanide dioxygenase, cyanide monooxygenase, cyanase and nitrogenase. In the future, more advancement of omics technologies and protein engineering will help us to recoup the environment from cyanide effluent. In this review, we have discussed the origin and environmental distribution of cyanide waste along with different bioremediation pathways and enzymes involved therein.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Prof Ian S. Maddox, who has kindly invited us to contribute this article and also for his encouragement and advice since the invitation. We are also thankful to reviewers and editors for their valuable suggestions. Research in MS lab is supported by Uttar Pradesh Council of Science and Technology (Govt. of Uttar Pradesh province, India). Research in YA lab is supported by Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Biotechnology (Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India). SC gratefully acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India for an extramural research grant. Authors would like to thank the technical English translation expert Dr K B S Krishna, Assistant Professor, Department of English and European Languages, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala for his inputs and proofreading.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India

    Monica Sharma & Yusuf Akhter

  2. Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block-Shahpur, District-Kangra, Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India

    Subhankar Chatterjee

  3. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block-Shahpur, District-Kangra, Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India

    Subhankar Chatterjee

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  1. Monica Sharma
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  2. Yusuf Akhter
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  3. Subhankar Chatterjee
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Correspondence to Yusuf Akhter or Subhankar Chatterjee.

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Sharma, M., Akhter, Y. & Chatterjee, S. A review on remediation of cyanide containing industrial wastes using biological systems with special reference to enzymatic degradation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 35, 70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2643-8

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