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Distribution and diet of recovering Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) along the natural-to-urban habitat gradient (river Segura, SE Spain)

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Abstract

In the catchment of the River Segura (SE Spain), ongoing Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) recovery and concurrent spread of human settlements are resulting in increasing otter records into urban areas. We analysed otter diet along a natural-to-urban gradient, with the main aim of assessing to which extent man-driven variation in food availability affects its feeding habits and how this secretive mustelid can thrive in apparently unsuitable habitats. From 2016 to 2019, we collected 521 spraints, monitoring 37 sampling stations (mean length ± SD = 0.5 ± 0.3 km). In natural areas, the percent cover of undisturbed banks was the highest, with the lowest number of water abstraction systems, whilst water pollution was the highest in urban areas. Introduced red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish formed the bulk of otter diet. The two most preyed fish, Luciobarbus sclateri and Pseudochondrostoma polylepis, were among the most abundant species in the river, confirming the generalist feeding behaviour of the otter. The contribution of non-native fish was on average low, while invasive crayfish exceeded the overall importance of fish in all habitats except urban areas. Overall, diet data did not allow attesting food as a limiting resource for otters in urban areas. In contrast, marking intensity varied consistently with the natural-to-urban gradient (from 0.31 to 0.65 spraints/100 m in urban- and natural areas, respectively), suggesting that human disturbance (i.e. habitat modification and water pollution) may play a major role in shaping otter distribution.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Jose Manuel Zamora-Marin and Antonio Zamora-López (Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia) for their cooperation, David Sánchez Fernández (Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia), for his support during the sampling in Cehegin, and Martín Raúl Amodeo (National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Universidad Nacional del Sur), who contributed to the surveys in Cieza and Calasparra. Fieldwork was partially funded by the European Commission through the project LIFE+ RIPISILVANATURA (LIFE 13 BIO/ES/1407).

Funding

the research was part of LIFE+ RIPISILVANATURA (LIFE 13 BIO/ES/1407); DB was funded by “PTI ECOBIODIV” through the “Vicepresidencia Adjunta de Areas Cientifico-Técnicas (VAACT-CSIC)”.

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  1. Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Ettore Emanuele Dettori, Victor Manuel Zapata-Perez, Nuria Rubio-Saura & Francisco Robledano-Aymerich

  2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Alessandro Balestrieri

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Alessandro Balestrieri

  4. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain

    Daniel Bruno

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  1. Ettore Emanuele Dettori
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Correspondence to Alessandro Balestrieri.

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Dettori, E.E., Balestrieri, A., Zapata-Perez, V.M. et al. Distribution and diet of recovering Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) along the natural-to-urban habitat gradient (river Segura, SE Spain). Urban Ecosyst 24, 1221–1230 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01109-3

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