Abstract
It is often argued that biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are linked by both habitat and species composition, and that this relationship is particularly critical for mobile ecosystem service providers. This may be especially true for pollinators, which are essential for the reproduction of the majority of flowering plant species, are highly mobile, and can exhibit dramatically different foraging behaviors across ecosystems. Understanding how habitat and community composition impact pollination is especially relevant in urban environments where pollinators can promote food security. We examined the relationships between local resource density, landscape composition, pollinator abundance and richness, and pollination services in an urban agricultural system spanning >125 km of the California central coast. We used a replicated, experimental approach to evaluate the reproductive success of jalapeño peppers across urban gardens and conducted a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the benefits of insect-mediated pollination to pepper reproduction. In the greenhouse, we found that jalapeño fruit weight and seed number was significantly greater with insect-mediated pollination than without. In the field, we found that jalapeño seed number increased significantly with herbaceous (weed, crop, and ornamental) plant richness and the number of perennial trees and shrubs at the site level, but decreased with the amount of natural landscape cover. We also found that higher pollinator richness enhanced seed number in floral-dense gardens, likely due to the greater functional complementarity of a more diverse pollinator community. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between pollinator abundance and seed number, but it weakened in gardens with more flowers, likely through lower per-plant pollinator visitation in the presence of competing floral resources. As in past studies, we found that mulch had a negative impact on pollinator abundance, highlighting that abiotic factors commonly managed by gardeners can directly impact ecosystem service providers. This study demonstrates that local conditions can significantly influence ecosystem service provision and that urban gardeners need to optimize for both pollinator richness and floral resource availability to achieve optimal pollination.
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Acknowledgements
P. Bichier, Z. Jordon, M. Macdonald, C. Kirk, D. Hafalia-Yackel, A. Rubio, and M. Egerer participated in logistics, greenhouse work, and field data collection. Thank you to J. Velzy, M. Dillingham and other greenhouse staff at University of California, Santa Cruz for support with choosing plant varieties, plant growing, and equipment. Special thank you to the community gardens for allowing us to conduct research: Goodwill Community Garden, Obama Way Garden, Pacific Grove Garden, Mid-County Senior Center in Capitola, Green Thumb Garden, Aptos Community Garden, Beach Flats Community Garden, Berryessa Community Garden, Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, Chinatown Community Garden, Coyote Creek Community Garden, El Jardín at Emma Prusch Park, The Forge at Santa Clara University, Giving Garden at Faith Lutheran Church, Homeless Garden Project, La Colina Community Garden, Laguna Seca Community Garden, The Live Oak Grange, MEarth at Carmel Valley Middle School, Mi Jardín Verde at All Saints’ Episcopal Church, Our Green Thumb Garden at Monterey Institute for International Studies, Salinas Community Garden at St. George’s Episcopal Church, Trescony Community Garden.
Funding
Funding for this project came from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture [grant 2016–67,019-25,185] to SMP, SJ, HL, and BBL.
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HC participated in study design, participated in fieldwork, conducted data analysis, and coordinated manuscript writing and publication. SMP acquired funding for the project, participated in study design, fieldwork logistics, and manuscript writing. BBL and HL acquired funding for the project, participated in study design, and manuscript writing. SJ acquired funding for the project, coordinated the study and participated in study design, field work, data analysis, and manuscript writing and publication. All authors gave final approval for publication.
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Cohen, H., Philpott, S.M., Liere, H. et al. The relationship between pollinator community and pollination services is mediated by floral abundance in urban landscapes. Urban Ecosyst 24, 275–290 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01024-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01024-z