Skip to main content
Log in

Efficacy of Strychnos spinosa (Lam.) and Solanum incanum L. aqueous fruit extracts against cattle ticks

Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The efficacy of Solanum incanum and Strychnos spinosa aqueous fruit extracts was evaluated against cattle ticks in on-station experiments and laboratory tick bioassays. In the on-station experiment using cattle, fruit extracts were applied at three concentrations 5, 10, and 20 % (w/v) and compared with a commercial acaricide, Tickbuster® (amitraz) spray (positive control) and no treatment (negative control). The treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 6 weeks as surface sprays on 32 Mashona cattle in a completely randomized design experiment. Ticks on individual cattle were identified, counted, and recorded daily. Peripheral blood samples were collected for parasite screening. In the laboratory, tick bioassays were conducted at four concentrations, 5, 10, 20, and 40 % (w/v) fruit extracts compared to Tickbuster® (amitraz) spray (positive control) and distilled water (negative control). The extracts were incubated with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus tick larvae and mortalities for each treatment level recorded after 24 and 48 h. The 5 % Solanum incanum treatment had higher efficacy ratio (P < 0.05) than the other fruit extract concentrations of the same plant species. Efficacy ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the 5 % S. spinosa-treated cattle than in the untreated control but lower (P < 0.05) than that for the amitraz treatment. The bioassays indicated that there was a high efficacy ratio for the lowest fruit extract concentrations when ticks were exposed to acaricidal treatments for 48 h compared to 24 h. Overall, the results indicate that Solanum incanum and Strychnos spinosa individually have some acaricidal effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anonymous, 1993. Animal Health Cattle-Cleansing Regulations, 1993. Supplement to the Zimbabwean Government Gazette dated the 20th August, 1993, (Government Printer, Harare)

  • Anonymous, 2012. Solanum incanum L. Plant Recourses for Tropical Africa (PROTA), http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http://database.prota.org/search.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Solanum+incanum&RF=Webdisplay, Accessed 22/02/2012

  • Belmain, S.R. and Stevenson, P.C., 2001. Ethno-botanicals in Ghana. Reviving and modernising age-old farmer practice, Pesticide Outlook 12 (6), 233–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belmain, S.R., Neal, G.E., Ray D.E. and Golob, P., 2001. Insecticidal and vertebrate toxicity associated with ethnobotanicals used as post-harvest protectants in Ghana, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39, 287–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belmain, S.R., Amoah, B.A., Nyirenda, S.P., Kamanula J.F. and Stevenson, P.C., 2012. Highly Variable Insect Control Efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii Chemotypes, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 10055–10063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C.G.D., Hunter, A.G. and Luckins, A.G., 1990. Diseases caused by protozoa, In: Sewell, M.M.H. and Brocklessly, D.W. (eds). Handbook of Animal Diseases in the Tropics. 4th Ed, (University Press Cambridge, U.K.)

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Hotman, P. and Hatendi, P., 1998. Beef Production Manual. 2nd Ed. Beef Producers Association, Harare, Zimbabwe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, S.K., Bruce, D. and Beffa, M.L., 2004. Disaster mitigation options for livestock production in communal farming systems in Zimbabwe. 1. Background information and literature review, (ICRISAT, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and FAO, Rome Italy)

  • Hoet, S., Opperdoes, F., Brun, R., Adjakidjé, V. and Quetin-Leclercq, J., 2004. In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of ethnopharmacologically selected Beninese plants, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 91, 37–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaposhi, C.K.M., 1992. The role of natural products in integrated tick management in Africa, Insect Science and its Application, 13 (4), 595–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsvanga, C.A.T., Tafirei, R., Nyakudya, I.W. and Moyo, M., 2006. Effect of extraction temperature and dilution of Solanum panduriforme in aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) control. Agricultural Research Council, http://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Spring2006PDF/ARC_Effective%20Extraction%20Temperature%20and%20dilution%20of%20Solanum%20Panduriforme%20in%20aphid%20control.pdf, Accessed 20/06/2009

  • Kelly, W.R., 1979. Veterinary clinical diagnosis. 2nd edn., (Bailliere Tindall, London)

  • Levine, N.D., 1985. Veterinary Protozoalogy, (Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Madzimure, J., Nyahangare, E.T., Hamudikuwanda, H., Hove, T., Stevenson, P.C., Belmain, S.R. and Mvumi, B.M., 2011. Acaricidal efficacy against cattle ticks and acute oral toxicity of Lippia javanica (Burm F.) Spreng, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 481–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarovsky, I., G. Markel, A. Hoffmann, O. Schein, T. Brosh-Nissimov, Z. Tashma, T. Dushnistsky, and Eisenkraft, A., 2008. Strychnine - A killer from the past, Israel Medical Association, 10, 142–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Manase, M.J., Mitaine-Offer, A.C., Pertuit, D., Miyamoto, T., Tanaka, C., Delemasure, S., Dutartre, P., Mirjolet, J.F., Duchamp, O. and Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., 2012. Solanum incanum and S. heteracanthum as sources of biologically active steroid glycosides: Confirmation of their synonymy, Fitoterapia, 83, 1115–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias, E. 2004. Ethnoveterinary medicine: harnessing its potential, Veterinary Bulletin, 74 (8), 27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.J., Davey, R.B., White, W.H. and George, J.E., 2007. A comparison of three bioassay techniques to determine Amitraz susceptibility in Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 44 (2), 283 – 294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Simmonds, M.S.J., Ley, S.V., Blaney, W.M., Mordue, W., Nasiruddin, M., Nisbet, A.J., 1998. Actions of Azadirachtin, a Plant allelochemical, against insects. Pesticide Science, 54, 277 – 284

  • Muzemu S., Mvumi, B.M., Nyirenda S.P.M., Sileshi, G.W., Sola, P., Chikukura, L., Kamanula, J.F., Belmain, S.R. and Stevenson, P.C., 2011. Pesticidal effects of indigenous plants extracts against rape aphids and tomato red spider mites, African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 10, 169 – 171

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwale M., Bhebhe, E., Chimonyo, M. and Halimani, T.E., 2005. Use of herbal plants in poultry health management in the Mushagashe small-scale commercial farming area in Zimbabwe, International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 3 (2), 163–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Norval, R.A.I. and Lightfoot, C.J., 1982. Tick problems in wildlife in Zimbabwe: factors influencing the occurrence and abundance of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, 13, 11–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyahangare, E.T., Hove, T., Mvumi, B.M., Hamudikuwanda, H., Belmain, S.R., Madzimure, J. and Stevenson, P.C., 2012. Acute mammalian toxicity of four pesticidal plants, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6 (13), 2674–2680

    Google Scholar 

  • O’neill, R.T., 2006. On sample sizes to estimate the protective efficacy of a vaccine, Statistics in Medicine, 7 (12), 1279–1288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olwoch, J.M., Reyers, B., Engelbrecht, F.A. and Erasmus, B.F.N., 2008. Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 108–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philippe, G.L. Angenot, M.T. and Frédérich, M., 2004. Review: about the toxicity of some Strychnos species and their alkaloids, Toxicon, 44, 405–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rovesti, L. and Deseo, K.V., 2009. Effectiveness of Neem seed kernel extract against Leucoptera malifoliella Costa (Lep., Lyonetiidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 111 (1–5), 231–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasan, V., Kite, G.C., Sileshi, G.W. and Stevenson, P.C., 2011. Applications of phytochemical and in vitro techniques for reducing over-harvesting of medicinal and pesticidal plants and generating income for the rural poor, Plant Cell Reports, 30(7), 1163–1172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, R.C., 1993. Scope of Neem for developing countries, Proceedings of World neem Conference, February 1993, (Bangalore, India)

  • Statistical Analysis System (SAS), 2006. Statistical Analysis System User’s Guide, (SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina, U.S.A)

  • Stevenson, P. C., Nyirenda, S., Sileshi, G., Kamanula, J., Mvumi, B.M., Sola, P., Simmonds, M., and Belmain, S., 2010. Southern African Pesticidal Plants (SAPP) Project. Caesalpinioid woodlands of Southern Africa: optimising the use of pesticidal plants. Final Technical Report, (Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham)

  • Stevenson, P.C. Jayasekera, T.K., Belmain, S.R., Veitch, N.C., 2009. Bisdesmosidic saponins from Securidaca longepedunculata (Polygalaceae) with deterrent and toxic properties to Coleapteran storage pests, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57 (19), 8860–8867

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, P.C. Kite, G.C., Lewis, G.P., Nyirenda, S.P., Forest, F. Belmain, S.R., Sileshi, G. and Veitch, N.C., 2012. Distinct chemotypes of Tephrosia vogelii and implications for their use in pest control and soil enrichment, Phytochemistry, 78, 135–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanzala, W., Zessin, K.H.,. Kyule, N.M., Baumann, M.P.O., Mathias E., and Hassanali, A., 2005. Ethnoveterinary medicine: a critical review of its evolution, perception, understanding and the way forward, Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17 (11), http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/11/wanz17119.htm, Accessed on 15/09/2009

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work reported was financed by the European Union, 9th European Development Fund through the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Secretariat’s Implementation and Coordination of Agricultural Research and Training (ICART) project and the Africa Caribbean and Pacific Science and Technology program. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the SADC Secretariat or the European Union. The authors are grateful to Henderson Research Station for supplying the test cattle, animal handling facilities, and technical support. Dr. M. Munyangani of Mazowe Veterinary College provided technical expertise in screening cattle blood samples for parasites. We also thank the Central Veterinary Laboratory staff in the Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development, Zimbabwe; for collecting and rearing the ticks.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brighton M. Mvumi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Madzimure, J., Nyahangare, E.T., Hamudikuwanda, H. et al. Efficacy of Strychnos spinosa (Lam.) and Solanum incanum L. aqueous fruit extracts against cattle ticks. Trop Anim Health Prod 45, 1341–1347 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0367-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0367-6

Keywords

Navigation