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The Electronic Structure of Saturated NaCl and NaI Solutions in Contact with a Gold Substrate

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Abstract

The near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy set up installed recently at SOLEIL synchrotron facility is used to study the electronic structure of NaCl and NaI saturated solutions formed on a gold substrate. The binding energies of the solution constituents are measured with respect to the Fermi level of the gold substrate. The C1s binding energy of the aliphatic contaminant floating at the surface of the solution is an evidence that the Fermi level in the metal and in the solution are aligned. The use of the Fermi level common energy reference is an added value with respect to previous works realized with micro-jets that were calibrated in energy with respect to vacuum level. We observe that the water valence molecular levels binding energies, and hence the Fermi positioning in the gap of the liquid, the Na+ 2s binding energy and even the work function are independent of the nature of the anions. The secondary electron energy distribution curves show that the work functions of the two solutions are equal within experimental uncertainty. We discuss this point considering the different ion distributions at the surface (related to the different size and polarizability of the anions), and the possible contribution of carbon contaminants. We compare the WF values extracted from the secondary electron edges to alternative measurements using the binding energy of the gas phase O1s or 1b1 spectra (referenced to the gold Fermi level). The ionization energies (referenced to the vacuum level), that we obtain by adding the work function to the measured binding energies, are in good accord with previously published works using micro-jets, obtained, however, at much lower solute concentration. Finally we discuss the origin of the Fermi level pinning in the liquid band gap and consider the possibility that the H+/H2 redox level is aligned with the metal Fermi level.

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Notes

  1. Note that the electrochemical potential in the electrolyte is equivalent to the redox potential, via an energy rescaling, discussed in detail in Refs. [8, 54, 78]. Note also that Fermi level and electrochemical potential are synonymous.

  2. The CH x peak of the NaCl solution is found at a BE ~ 0.4 eV higher than that of the CH x in the NaI solution. Its fwhm is also notably larger (1.55 vs. 1.12 eV). This is due to a “beyond-first-neighbor” chemical shift (e.g. the CH3 moiety in ethoxy groups is shifted up in BE by 0.5 eV with respect to the CH3 component in ethyl moieties [81]). As the carbon in the NaCl solution is much more oxidized than the carbon in the NaI solution, the CH x component broadens and shifts up in energy. Given that the weight of the oxidized carbons in the NaI solution is small, the aliphatic component at 284.8 eV can be used to determine the FL. Issues related to the use of surface contamination carbon to calibrate the BE scale are emphasized in Ref. [59].

  3. We have no explanation for the difference, as the energy resolution is not given in Ref. [52].

  4. The mean inner electrostatic potential energy V0 is calculated to be ~4.3 eV for a saturated NaCl solution in Ref. [69] but, unfortunately, no profile is given.

  5. The secondary electrons that approach the interface from the inside of the liquid have a velocity \(v\) equal to \(v = \sqrt {\frac{{2 \times KE^{in} }}{m}}\) where \(KE^{in}\) is the kinetic energy in the liquid, and m the electron mass. The minimum value of \(KE^{in}\) is the effective potential \(V^{eff}\) referenced to the VL. \(V^{eff}\) is the sum of the mean inner electrostatic potential energy V 0 (Hartree potential) and of the exchange and correlation energy [48]. An ab initio calculation gives a mean inner electrostatic potential energy of 4.3 eV for the saturated NaCl solution [69]. However, there are no estimates of the exchange and correlation energy of liquid water, despite it should be relevant for low energy (≪ 1 keV) electrons. Thus V 0 is a lower bound of \(V^{eff}\).

  6. This may be surprising as, according to Coe [22] the onset of the photoelectron yield should occur at photon energies smaller than the vertical transitions of XPS.

  7. At a working pressure of 5 mbar in the analysis chamber, the Q-pole installed in the second stage of the analyzer pumping system gives the partial pressures of H2O (2 × 10−8 mbar), H2 (3 × 10−9 mbar) and O2 (2 × 10−10 mbar). The main pollutant in the chamber is H2. At a pressure of 6 × 10−9 mbar in the chamber (residual) the partial pressures measured by the Q-pole are 5 × 10−11 mbar for H2O, 6.5 × 10−10 mbar for H2 and <10−13 for O2. An upper bound value of H2 partial pressure is calculated assuming that the partial pressures measured by the Q-pole in the sampled gas are proportional to those in the analysis chamber.

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Acknowledgments

The authors express their thanks to Dr. Jean Daillant, director of Synchrotron SOLEIL, for enlightening discussions concerning the surface of electrolytes. They also much appreciated the very efficient technical support from Christian Chauvet (TEMPO beamline, SOLEIL). This NAP-XPS experiment, managed by the LCPMR team (Université Pierre et Marie Curie), was funded by the Ile-de-France Region (Photoémission Environnementale en Ile-de-France, SESAME n°090003524), by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Surfaces under Ambient Pressure with Electron Spectroscopies, ANR- 08-BLAN-0096), and by the Université Pierre et Marie Curie. Synchrotron SOLEIL supported the integration of the setup to TEMPO beamline. LABEX MiChem (UPMC) also partially funded the experiment. HT received a PhD scholarship from Synchrotron SOLEIL.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR 7614 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Héloïse Tissot, Jean-Jacques Gallet, Fabrice Bournel, Anthony Boucly & François Rochet

  2. CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, 75005, Paris, France

    Héloïse Tissot, Jean-Jacques Gallet, Fabrice Bournel, Anthony Boucly & François Rochet

  3. Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, France

    Héloïse Tissot, Jean-Jacques Gallet, Fabrice Bournel, Giorgia Olivieri, Mathieu G. Silly, Fausto Sirotti, Anthony Boucly & François Rochet

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  1. Héloïse Tissot
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  2. Jean-Jacques Gallet
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Correspondence to François Rochet.

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Tissot, H., Gallet, JJ., Bournel, F. et al. The Electronic Structure of Saturated NaCl and NaI Solutions in Contact with a Gold Substrate. Top Catal 59, 605–620 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0530-6

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