Abstract
This study investigated the effect of flow velocity, the concentration of red mud particles, and the concentration of \(\hbox {OH}^{-}\) ions on the penetration processes of red mud filtrate with fine particles in a porous medium by seepage. The results show that the peak concentrations of the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of red mud particles with high alkalinity are much higher than that with low alkalinity, indicating that the existence of \(\hbox {OH}^{-}\) ions enhances the repulsive interaction between red mud particles and between red mud particles and the matrix and promotes the migration of red mud particles. The red mud particles are more easily absorb onto the surface of porous medium or embedded in the matrix due to the greater adsorption between red mud particles and porous dielectric matrix than silicon powders. The penetration velocity of these red mud particles is often slower than water velocity due to the capture effect by straining and the detours path effect, especially in the case of high injection concentration and low alkalinity. Both the recovery rate and modal size of recovered particles increase with the increase in flow velocity, and the recovery rate of particles with high alkalinity is higher than that of particles with low alkalinity, which can be attributed to the stronger repulsive interaction between particles and between particles and the matrix. An analytical solution for the migration of particles in a porous medium in which the contaminant intensity varies with time has been developed from the elementary solution, and the predicted BTCs for a repeated three-pulse injection are in good accordance with the experimental results.
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Abbreviations
- \(\hbox {C}_{{({\mathrm{OH}}^{-})}}\) :
-
Concentration of \(\hbox {OH}^{-}\) ions
- d :
-
Particle size
- \(D_{50}\) :
-
Median grain diameter
- \(C_{\mathrm{c}}\) :
-
Coefficient of curvature
- \(C_{\mathrm{u}}\) :
-
Uniformity index
- n :
-
Porosity of the porous medium
- \(C_{{\mathrm{inj}}}\) :
-
Concentration of injected particles
- v :
-
Darcy velocity
- C :
-
Concentration of suspended particles
- N :
-
Turbidity level
- a, b, and c :
-
Fitting parameters
- \(R^{2}\) :
-
Coefficient of determination
- z :
-
Water flow direction
- D :
-
Hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient
- u :
-
Average interstitial particle velocity
- t :
-
Time
- \(\sigma \) :
-
Concentration of particles deposited onto the solid matrix
- \(\rho _{\mathrm{s}}\) :
-
Bulk density of the solid matrix
- \(k_{\mathrm{d}}\) :
-
Deposition coefficient
- \(k_{\mathrm{r}}\) :
-
Release coefficient
- s, r :
-
Laplace transform variables of t and z
- \(L^{-1}\) :
-
Laplace inverse operator
- \(\alpha \) :
-
Arbitrary constant
- \(I_{0}, I_{1}\) :
-
Modified Bessel function of the first kind of order zero and one
- \(\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2}\) :
-
Arbitrary constants
- \(\tau \) :
-
Dummy integration variable
- I :
-
Strength of plane source
- m :
-
Mass of injected particles
- A :
-
Cross-sectional area of column
- \(\updelta (\cdot )\) :
-
Dirac delta function
- \(t^\prime \) :
-
Particle injection moment
- PV:
-
Pore volume number
- \(V_{\mathrm{inj}}\) :
-
Volume of particle liquid in each injection
- Q :
-
Flow rate of water
- \(t_{0}\) :
-
Duration time applied on the top surface of column
- \(t_{\mathrm{inj}}\) :
-
Injection time period of particles
- \(C_{\mathrm{out}}\) :
-
Particle concentration at the outlet
- \(C_{\mathrm{R}}\) :
-
Relative concentration
- \(V_{\mathrm{P}}\) :
-
Pore volume of the entire soil column
- \(\alpha _{\mathrm{d}}\) :
-
Dispersivity
- \(u_{0}\) :
-
Average interstitial fluid velocity
- \(\kappa \) :
-
Exponent of power law
- \(R_{\mathrm{e}}\) :
-
Recovery rate
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Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678043; 51478034) and National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB057800), to which the authors are very grateful.
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Bai, B., Wang, J., Zhai, Z. et al. The Penetration Processes of Red Mud Filtrate in a Porous Medium by Seepage. Transp Porous Med 117, 207–227 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0829-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0829-9