Skip to main content
Log in

Multi-Wavelength Variability

Accretion and Ejection at the Fastest Timescales

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multiwavelength variability data, combined with spectral-timing analysis techniques, provides information about the causal relationship between different physical components in accreting black holes. Using fast-timing data and long-term monitoring, we can probe the behaviour of the same components across the black hole mass scale. In this chapter we review the observational status of multiwavelength variability in accreting black holes, from black hole X-ray binaries to AGN, and consider the implications for models of accretion and ejection, primarily considering the evidence for accretion disc and jet variability in these systems. We end with a consideration of future prospects in this quickly-developing field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Other AGNs show power spectra consistent with singly-broken or bending power-laws, similar to those seen in BHXRB soft states, e.g. McHardy et al. (2004).

  2. Note that significant X-ray beaming towards the disc can be ruled out by the observed X-ray reflection component which is not stronger than expected, in most cases.

References

  • P. Arévalo, P. Uttley, Investigating a fluctuating-accretion model for the spectral-timing properties of accreting black hole systems. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 367, 801–814 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.09989.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Arévalo, I.E. Papadakis, P. Uttley, I.M. McHardy, W. Brinkmann, Spectral-timing evidence for a very high state in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 Ark 564. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 372, 401–409 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10871.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Arévalo, P. Uttley, S. Kaspi, E. Breedt, P. Lira, I.M. McHardy, Correlated X-ray/optical variability in the quasar MR2251-178. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 389, 1479–1488 (2008a). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13719.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Arévalo, I.M. McHardy, A. Markowitz, I.E. Papadakis, T.J. Turner, L. Miller, J. Reeves, Fourier-resolved energy spectra of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Mkn 766. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 387, 279–288 (2008b). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13216.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Arévalo, P. Uttley, P. Lira, E. Breedt, I.M. McHardy, E. Churazov, Correlation and time delays of the X-ray and optical emission of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 3783. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 2004–2014 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15110.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Bell, T. Tzioumis, P. Uttley, R.P. Fender, P. Arévalo, E. Breedt, I. McHardy, D.E. Calvelo, O. Jamil, E. Körding, X-ray and radio variability in the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC 7213. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 402–410 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17692.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Belloni, J. Homan, P. Casella, M. van der Klis, E. Nespoli, W.H.G. Lewin, J.M. Miller, M. Méndez, The evolution of the timing properties of the black-hole transient GX 339-4 during its 2002/2003 outburst. Astron. Astrophys. 440, 207–222 (2005). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042457

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Breedt, P. Arévalo, I.M. McHardy, P. Uttley, S.G. Sergeev, T. Minezaki, Y. Yoshii, C.M. Gaskell, E.M. Cackett, K. Horne, S. Koshida, Long-term optical and X-ray variability of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 79. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 394, 427–437 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14302.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Breedt, I.M. McHardy, P. Arévalo, P. Uttley, S.G. Sergeev, T. Minezaki, Y. Yoshii, Y. Sakata, P. Lira, N.G. Chesnok, Twelve years of X-ray and optical variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 403, 605–619 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16146.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Cackett, K. Horne, H. Winkler, Testing thermal reprocessing in active galactic nuclei accretion discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 380, 669–682 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12098.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Cackett, A. Zoghbi, C. Reynolds, A.C. Fabian, E. Kara, P. Uttley, D.R. Wilkins, Modelling the broad Fe K∖alpha∖ reverberation in the AGN NGC 4151. ArXiv e-prints (2013)

  • P. Casella, T.J. Maccarone, K. O’Brien, R.P. Fender, D.M. Russell, M. van der Klis, A. Pe’Er, D. Maitra, D. Altamirano, T. Belloni, G. Kanbach, M. Klein-Wolt, E. Mason, P. Soleri, A. Stefanescu, K. Wiersema, R. Wijnands, Fast infrared variability from a relativistic jet in GX 339-4. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 404, 21–25 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00826.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Cassatella, P. Uttley, T.J. Maccarone, Accretion flow diagnostics with X-ray spectral timing: the hard state of SWIFT J1753.5-0127. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427, 2985–2997 (2012a). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22021.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Cassatella, P. Uttley, J. Wilms, J. Poutanen, Joint spectral-timing modelling of the hard lags in GX 339-4: constraints on reflection models. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 2407–2416 (2012b). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20792.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Churazov, M. Gilfanov, M. Revnivtsev, Soft state of Cygnus X-1: stable disc and unstable corona. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 321, 759–766 (2001). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04056.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Corbel, H. Aussel, J.W. Broderick, P. Chanial, M. Coriat, A.J. Maury, M.M. Buxton, J.A. Tomsick, A.K. Tzioumis, S. Markoff, J. Rodriguez, C.D. Bailyn, C. Brocksopp, R.P. Fender, P.O. Petrucci, M. Cadolle-Bel, D. Calvelo, L. Harvey-Smith, Formation of the compact jets in the black hole GX 339-4. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431, 107–111 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt018

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. De Marco, G. Ponti, M. Cappi, M. Dadina, P. Uttley, E.M. Cackett, A.C. Fabian, G. Miniutti, Discovery of a relation between black hole mass and soft X-ray time lags in active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt339

    Google Scholar 

  • V.S. Dhillon, T.R. Marsh, M.J. Stevenson, D.C. Atkinson, P. Kerry, P.T. Peacocke, A.J.A. Vick, S.M. Beard, D.J. Ives, D.W. Lunney, S.A. McLay, C.J. Tierney, J. Kelly, S.P. Littlefair, R. Nicholson, R. Pashley, E.T. Harlaftis, K. O’Brien, ULTRACAM: an ultrafast, triple-beam CCD camera for high-speed astrophysics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 378, 825–840 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11881.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Durant, P. Gandhi, T. Shahbaz, A.P. Fabian, J. Miller, V.S. Dhillon, T.R. Marsh, SWIFT J1753.5-0127: a surprising optical/X-ray cross-correlation function. Astrophys. J. Lett. 682, 45–48 (2008). doi:10.1086/590906

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.C. Fabian, A. Zoghbi, R.R. Ross, P. Uttley, L.C. Gallo, W.N. Brandt, A.J. Blustin, T. Boller, M.D. Caballero-Garcia, J. Larsson, J.M. Miller, G. Miniutti, G. Ponti, R.C. Reis, C.S. Reynolds, Y. Tanaka, A.J. Young, Broad line emission from iron K- and L-shell transitions in the active galaxy 1H0707-495. Nature 459, 540–542 (2009). doi:10.1038/nature08007

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Feroci, L. Stella, M. van der Klis, T.J.-L. Courvoisier, M. Hernanz, R. Hudec, A. Santangelo, D. Walton, A. Zdziarski, D. Barret, T. Belloni, J. Braga, S. Brandt, C. Budtz-Jørgensen, S. Campana, J.-W. den Herder, J. Huovelin, G.L. Israel, M. Pohl, P. Ray, A. Vacchi, S. Zane, A. Argan, P. Attinà, G. Bertuccio, E. Bozzo, R. Campana, D. Chakrabarty, E. Costa, A. De Rosa, E. Del Monte, S. Di Cosimo, I. Donnarumma, Y. Evangelista, D. Haas, P. Jonker, S. Korpela, C. Labanti, P. Malcovati, R. Mignani, F. Muleri, M. Rapisarda, A. Rashevsky, N. Rea, A. Rubini, C. Tenzer, C. Wilson-Hodge, B. Winter, K. Wood, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, M.A. Abramowicz, M.A. Alpar, D. Altamirano, J.M. Alvarez, L. Amati, C. Amoros, L.A. Antonelli, R. Artigue, P. Azzarello, M. Bachetti, G. Baldazzi, M. Barbera, C. Barbieri, S. Basa, A. Baykal, R. Belmont, L. Boirin, V. Bonvicini, L. Burderi, M. Bursa, C. Cabanac, E. Cackett, G.A. Caliandro, P. Casella, S. Chaty, J. Chenevez, M.J. Coe, A. Collura, A. Corongiu, S. Covino, G. Cusumano, F. D’Amico, S. Dall’Osso, D. De Martino, G. De Paris, G. Di Persio, T. Di Salvo, C. Done, M. Dovčiak, A. Drago, U. Ertan, S. Fabiani, M. Falanga, R. Fender, P. Ferrando, D. Della Monica Ferreira, G. Fraser, F. Frontera, F. Fuschino, J.L. Galvez, P. Gandhi, P. Giommi, O. Godet, E. Göǧüş, A. Goldwurm, D. Götz, M. Grassi, P. Guttridge, P. Hakala, G. Henri, W. Hermsen, J. Horak, A. Hornstrup, J.J.M. in’t Zand, J. Isern, E. Kalemci, G. Kanbach, V. Karas, D. Kataria, T. Kennedy, D. Klochkov, W. Kluźniak, K. Kokkotas, I. Kreykenbohm, J. Krolik, L. Kuiper, I. Kuvvetli, N. Kylafis, J.M. Lattimer, F. Lazzarotto, D. Leahy, F. Lebrun, D. Lin, N. Lund, T. Maccarone, J. Malzac, M. Marisaldi, A. Martindale, M. Mastropietro, J. McClintock, I. McHardy, M. Mendez, S. Mereghetti, M.C. Miller, T. Mineo, E. Morelli, S. Morsink, C. Motch, S. Motta, T. Muñoz-Darias, G. Naletto, V. Neustroev, J. Nevalainen, J.F. Olive, M. Orio, M. Orlandini, P. Orleanski, F. Ozel, L. Pacciani, S. Paltani, I. Papadakis, A. Papitto, A. Patruno, A. Pellizzoni, V. Petráček, J. Petri, P.O. Petrucci, B. Phlips, L. Picolli, A. Possenti, D. Psaltis, D. Rambaud, P. Reig, R. Remillard, J. Rodriguez, P. Romano, M. Romanova, T. Schanz, C. Schmid, A. Segreto, A. Shearer, A. Smith, P.J. Smith, P. Soffitta, N. Stergioulas, M. Stolarski, Z. Stuchlik, A. Tiengo, D. Torres, G. Török, R. Turolla, P. Uttley, S. Vaughan, S. Vercellone, R. Waters, A. Watts, R. Wawrzaszek, N. Webb, J. Wilms, L. Zampieri, A. Zezas, J. Ziolkowski, The large observatory for X-ray timing (LOFT). Exp. Astron. 34, 415–444 (2012). doi:10.1007/s10686-011-9237-2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Gandhi, K. Makishima, M. Durant, A.C. Fabian, V.S. Dhillon, T.R. Marsh, J.M. Miller, T. Shahbaz, H.C. Spruit, Rapid optical and X-ray timing observations of GX 339-4: flux correlations at the onset of a low/hard state. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 390, 29–33 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00529.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Gandhi, V.S. Dhillon, M. Durant, A.C. Fabian, A. Kubota, K. Makishima, J. Malzac, T.R. Marsh, J.M. Miller, T. Shahbaz, H.C. Spruit, P. Casella, Rapid optical and X-ray timing observations of GX339-4: multicomponent optical variability in the low/hard state. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407, 2166–2192 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17083.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Gaskell, Accretion disks and the nature and origin of AGN continuum variability, in Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series, vol. 32 (2008), pp. 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Giannios, N.D. Kylafis, D. Psaltis, Spectra and time variability of Galactic black-hole X-ray sources in the low/hard state. Astron. Astrophys. 425, 163–169 (2004). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041002

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Gierliński, M. Middleton, M. Ward, C. Done, A periodicity of ∼1 hour in X-ray emission from the active galaxy RE J1034+396. Nature 455, 369–371 (2008). doi:10.1038/nature07277

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Giroletti, F. Panessa, The faintest Seyfert radio cores revealed by VLBI. Astrophys. J. Lett. 706, 260–264 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/706/2/L260

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Gleissner, J. Wilms, G.G. Pooley, M.A. Nowak, K. Pottschmidt, S. Markoff, S. Heinz, M. Klein-Wolt, R.P. Fender, R. Staubert, Long term variability of Cygnus X-1. III. Radio-X-ray correlations. Astron. Astrophys. 425, 1061–1068 (2004). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040280

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Jamil, R.P. Fender, C.R. Kaiser, iShocks: X-ray binary jets with an internal shocks model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, 394–404 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15652.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Jones, I. McHardy, D. Moss, N. Seymour, E. Breedt, P. Uttley, E. Körding, V. Tudose, Radio and X-ray variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 2641–2652 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18105.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Kalamkar, M. van der Klis, P. Uttley, D. Altamirano, R. Wijnands, Swift X-ray telescope timing observations of the black hole binary SWIFT J1753.5-0127: Disk-diluted fluctuations in the outburst peak. Astrophys. J. 766, 89 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/766/2/89

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Kanbach, C. Straubmeier, H.C. Spruit, T. Belloni, Correlated fast X-ray and optical variability in the black-hole candidate XTE J1118+480. Nature 414, 180–182 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Kanbach, S. Kellner, F.Z. Schrey, H. Steinle, C. Straubmeier, H.C. Spruit, Design and results of the fast timing photo-polarimeter optima, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, ed. by M. Iye, A.F.M. Moorwood. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 4841 (2003), pp. 82–93. doi:10.1117/12.460323

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Kara, A.C. Fabian, E.M. Cackett, P. Uttley, D.R. Wilkins, A. Zoghbi, Discovery of high-frequency iron K lags in Ark 564 and Mrk 335. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 434, 1129–1137 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1055

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Kazanas, X.-M. Hua, Modeling the time variability of accreting compact sources. Astrophys. J. 519, 750–761 (1999). doi:10.1086/307379

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Koratkar, O. Blaes, The ultraviolet and optical continuum emission in active galactic nuclei: the status of accretion disks. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111, 1–30 (1999). doi:10.1086/316294

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kotov, E. Churazov, M. Gilfanov, On the X-ray time-lags in the black hole candidates. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 327, 799–807 (2001). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04769.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. Krolik, K. Horne, T.R. Kallman, M.A. Malkan, R.A. Edelson, G.A. Kriss, Ultraviolet variability of NGC 5548—Dynamics of the continuum production region and geometry of the broad-line region. Astrophys. J. 371, 541–562 (1991). doi:10.1086/169918

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N.D. Kylafis, I.E. Papadakis, P. Reig, D. Giannios, G.G. Pooley, A jet model for Galactic black-hole X-ray sources: some constraining correlations. Astron. Astrophys. 489, 481–487 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079159

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Lamer, P. Uttley, I.M. McHardy, An absorption event in the X-ray light curve of NGC 3227. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 342, 41–45 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06759.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Legg, L. Miller, T.J. Turner, M. Giustini, J.N. Reeves, S.B. Kraemer, Direct measurement of the X-ray time-delay transfer function in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 760, 73 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/73

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Lobban, J.N. Reeves, L. Miller, T.J. Turner, V. Braito, S.B. Kraemer, D.M. Crenshaw, Contemporaneous Chandra HETG and Suzaku X-ray observations of NGC 4051. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 1965–1986 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18513.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Malzac, Internal shocks at the origin of the flat spectral energy distribution of compact jets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 429, 20–24 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sls017

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Malzac, A. Merloni, A.C. Fabian, Jet-disc coupling through a common energy reservoir in the black hole XTE J1118+480. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 351, 253–264 (2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07772.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Maoz, A. Markowitz, R. Edelson, K. Nandra, X-Ray versus optical variations in the Seyfert 1 nucleus NGC 3516: a puzzling disconnectedness. Astron. J. 124, 1988–1994 (2002). doi:10.1086/342937

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Markowitz, R. Edelson, S. Vaughan, Long-term X-ray spectral variability in Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astrophys. J. 598, 935–955 (2003). doi:10.1086/379103

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Mazin, S.R. Meeker, M.J. Strader, P. Szypryt, D. Marsden, J.C. van Eyken, G.E. Duggan, A.B. Walter, G. Ulbricht, M. Johnson, B. Bumble, K. O’Brien, C. Stoughton, ARCONS: a 2024 pixel optical through near-IR cryogenic imaging spectrophotometer. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 125, 1348–1361 (2013). doi:10.1086/674013

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.M. McHardy, I.E. Papadakis, P. Uttley, M.J. Page, K.O. Mason, Combined long and short time-scale X-ray variability of NGC 4051 with RXTE and XMM-Newton. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, 783–801 (2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07376.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.M. McHardy, P. Arévalo, P. Uttley, I.E. Papadakis, D.P. Summons, W. Brinkmann, M.J. Page, Discovery of multiple Lorentzian components in the X-ray timing properties of the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Ark 564. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 382, 985–994 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12411.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. McKinney, A. Tchekhovskoy, R.D. Blandford, General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetically choked accretion flows around black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 423, 3083–3117 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21074.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Migliari, R.P. Fender, M. van der Klis, Correlation between radio luminosity and X-ray timing frequencies in neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 363, 112–120 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09412.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Miller, J. Homan, D. Steeghs, M. Rupen, R.W. Hunstead, R. Wijnands, P.A. Charles, A.C. Fabian, A long, hard look at the low/hard state in accreting black holes. Astrophys. J. 653, 525–535 (2006). doi:10.1086/508644

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Miller, T.J. Turner, J.N. Reeves, The absorption-dominated model for the X-ray spectra of type I active galaxies: MCG-6-30-15. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 399, 69–73 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00726.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Miller, T.J. Turner, J.N. Reeves, V. Braito, X-ray reverberation in 1H0707-495 revisited. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408, 1928–1935 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17261.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Miyamoto, S. Kitamoto, K. Mitsuda, T. Dotani, Delayed hard X-rays from Cygnus X-1. Nature 336, 450–452 (1988). doi:10.1038/336450a0

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Motch, M.J. Ricketts, C.G. Page, S.A. Ilovaisky, C. Chevalier, Simultaneous X-ray/optical observations of GX339-4 during the May 1981 optically bright state. Astron. Astrophys. 119, 171–176 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.G. Mundell, P. Ferruit, N. Nagar, A.S. Wilson, Radio variability in Seyfert nuclei. Astrophys. J. 703, 802–815 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/802

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Nandra, T. Le, I.M. George, R.A. Edelson, R.F. Mushotzky, B.M. Peterson, T.J. Turner, The origin of the X-ray and ultraviolet emission in NGC 7469. Astrophys. J. 544, 734–746 (2000). doi:10.1086/317237

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Nandra, D. Barret, X. Barcons, A. Fabian, J.-W. den Herder, L. Piro, M. Watson, C. Adami, J. Aird, J.M. Afonso et al., The Hot and Energetic Universe: A White Paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission. ArXiv e-prints (2013)

  • C. Nipoti, K.M. Blundell, J. Binney, Radio-loud flares from microquasars and radio-loudness of quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 361, 633–637 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09194.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Nowak, Are there three peaks in the power spectra of GX 339-4 and Cyg X-1? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 318, 361–367 (2000). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03668.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Nowak, J. Wilms, J.B. Dove, Low-luminosity states of the black hole candidate GX 339-4. II. Timing analysis. Astrophys. J. 517, 355–366 (1999). doi:10.1086/307189

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.M. O’Neill, C.S. Reynolds, M.C. Miller, K.A. Sorathia, Low-frequency oscillations in global simulations of black hole accretion. Astrophys. J. 736, 107 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/107

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.E. Papadakis, Z. Ioannou, D. Kazanas, Fourier-resolved spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei using XMM-Newton data. I. The 3–10 keV band results. Astrophys. J. 661, 38–51 (2007). doi:10.1086/513307

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Payne, Time-dependent comptonization—X-ray reverberations. Astrophys. J. 237, 951–963 (1980). doi:10.1086/157941

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.M. Peterson, I.M. McHardy, B.J. Wilkes, P. Berlind, R. Bertram, M. Calkins, S.J. Collier, J.P. Huchra, S. Mathur, I. Papadakis, J. Peters, R.W. Pogge, P. Romano, S. Tokarz, P. Uttley, M. Vestergaard, R.M. Wagner, X-ray and optical variability in NGC 4051 and the nature of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astrophys. J. 542, 161–174 (2000). doi:10.1086/309518

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Ponti, G. Miniutti, M. Cappi, L. Maraschi, A.C. Fabian, K. Iwasawa, XMM-Newton study of the complex and variable spectrum of NGC 4051. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 903–916 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10165.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Pottschmidt, J. Wilms, M.A. Nowak, W.A. Heindl, D.M. Smith, R. Staubert, Temporal evolution of X-ray lags in Cygnus X-1. Astron. Astrophys. 357, 17–20 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Pottschmidt, J. Wilms, M.A. Nowak, G.G. Pooley, T. Gleissner, W.A. Heindl, D.M. Smith, R. Remillard, R. Staubert, Long term variability of Cygnus X-1. I. X-ray spectral-temporal correlations in the hard state. Astron. Astrophys. 407, 1039–1058 (2003). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030906

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Reig, N.D. Kylafis, D. Giannios, Energy and time-lag spectra of galactic black-hole X-ray sources in the low/hard state. Astron. Astrophys. 403, 15–18 (2003). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030449

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Revnivtsev, M. Gilfanov, E. Churazov, Reflection and noise in the low spectral state of GX 339-4. Astron. Astrophys. 380, 520–525 (2001). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011413

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Risaliti, M. Elvis, G. Fabbiano, A. Baldi, A. Zezas, Rapid compton-thick/compton-thin transitions in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1365. Astrophys. J. Lett. 623, 93–96 (2005). doi:10.1086/430252

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Rivers, A. Markowitz, R. Rothschild, An occultation event in Centaurus A and the Clumpy Torus Model. Astrophys. J. Lett. 742, 29 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/742/2/L29

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Russell, J.C.A. Miller-Jones, T.J. Maccarone, Y.J. Yang, R.P. Fender, F. Lewis, Testing the jet quenching paradigm with an ultradeep observation of a steadily soft state black hole. Astrophys. J. Lett. 739, 19 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/1/L19

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.G. Sergeev, V.T. Doroshenko, Y.V. Golubinskiy, N.I. Merkulova, E.A. Sergeeva, Lag-luminosity relationship for interband lags between variations in B, V, R, and I bands in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 622, 129–135 (2005). doi:10.1086/427820

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Spada, G. Ghisellini, D. Lazzati, A. Celotti, Internal shocks in the jets of radio-loud quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 325, 1559–1570 (2001). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04557.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.M. Tatum, T.J. Turner, L. Miller, J.N. Reeves, The global implications of the hard X-ray excess in Type 1 active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 762, 80 (2013). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/80

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.D. Taylor, P. Uttley, I.M. McHardy, The nature of X-ray spectral variability in Seyfert galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 342, 31–35 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06742.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Uttley, I.M. McHardy, The flux-dependent amplitude of broadband noise variability in X-ray binaries and active galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 323, 26–30 (2001). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04496.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Uttley, I.M. McHardy, S. Vaughan, Non-linear X-ray variability in X-ray binaries and active galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 359, 345–362 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08886.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Uttley, R. Edelson, I.M. McHardy, B.M. Peterson, A. Markowitz, Correlated long-term optical and X-ray variations in NGC 5548. Astrophys. J. Lett. 584, 53–56 (2003). doi:10.1086/373887

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Uttley, T. Wilkinson, P. Cassatella, J. Wilms, K. Pottschmidt, M. Hanke, M. Böck, The causal connection between disc and power-law variability in hard state black hole X-ray binaries. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 60–64 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01056.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Vaughan, A.C. Fabian, A long hard look at MCG-6-30-15 with XMM-Newton—II. Detailed EPIC analysis and modelling. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, 1415–1438 (2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07456.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Vaughan, A.C. Fabian, K. Nandra, X-ray continuum variability of MCG-6-30-15. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339, 1237–1255 (2003). doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06285.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Veledina, J. Poutanen, I. Vurm, A Synchrotron self-compton-disk reprocessing model for optical/X-ray correlation in black hole X-ray binaries. Astrophys. J. Lett. 737, 17 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/1/L17

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Veledina, J. Poutanen, I. Vurm, Hot accretion flow in black hole binaries: a link connecting X-rays to the infrared. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430, 3196–3212 (2013). doi:10.1093/mnras/stt124

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Walton, A. Zoghbi, E.M. Cackett, P. Uttley, F.A. Harrison, A.C. Fabian, E. Kara, J.M. Miller, R.C. Reis, C.S. Reynolds, Hard X-ray lags in active galactic nuclei: testing the distant reverberation hypothesis with NGC 6814. Astrophys. J. Lett. 777, 23 (2013). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/777/2/L23

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Wanders, B.M. Peterson, D. Alloin, T.R. Ayres, J. Clavel, D.M. Crenshaw, K. Horne, G.A. Kriss, J.H. Krolik, M.A. Malkan, H. Netzer, P.T. O’Brien, G.A. Reichert, P.M. Rodriguez-Pascual, W. Wamsteker, T. Alexander, K.S.J. Anderson, E. Benitez, N.G. Bochkarev, A.N. Burenkov, F.-Z. Cheng, S.J. Collier, A. Comastri, M. Dietrich, D. Dultzin-Hacyan, B.R. Espey, A.V. Filippenko, C.M. Gaskell, I.M. George, M.R. Goad, L.C. Ho, S. Kaspi, W. Kollatschny, K.T. Korista, A. Laor, G.M. MacAlpine, M. Mignoli, S.L. Morris, K. Nandra, S. Penton, R.W. Pogge, R.L. Ptak, J.M. Rodriguez-Espinoza, M. Santos-Lleo, A.I. Shapovalova, J.M. Shull, S.A. Snedden, L.S. Sparke, G.M. Stirpe, W.-H. Sun, T.J. Turner, M.-H. Ulrich, T.-G. Wang, C. Wei, W.F. Welsh, S.-J. Xue, Z.-L. Zou, Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. XI. Intensive monitoring of the ultraviolet spectrum of NGC 7469. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 113, 69 (1997). doi:10.1086/313054

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Wilkinson, P. Uttley, Accretion disc variability in the hard state of black hole X-ray binaries. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 666–676 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15008.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Wilms, K. Pottschmidt, G.G. Pooley, S. Markoff, M.A. Nowak, I. Kreykenbohm, R.E. Rothschild, Correlated radio-X-ray variability of galactic black holes: a radio-X-ray flare in Cygnus X-1. Astrophys. J. Lett. 663, 97–100 (2007). doi:10.1086/520508

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Zoghbi, P. Uttley, A.C. Fabian, Understanding reverberation lags in 1H0707-495. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 59–64 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17883.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Piergiorgio Casella.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Uttley, P., Casella, P. Multi-Wavelength Variability. Space Sci Rev 183, 453–476 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0072-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0072-4

Keywords

Navigation