Abstract
How do Hong Kong Chinese women position themselves in relation to this stigmatized social category of “si-nai” (middle aged-housewives) and the prevailing norms and values regarding women’s roles? The case of middle-aged, married women in Hong Kong provides empirical support for an alternative understanding of the identity of adult woman and helps to problematize conceptualizations of women’s identity as centered on their mother roles. The narratives of these twenty-six women show the fluidity of their roles as mothers (and wives). These roles change with reference to social context, life circumstances, and life course. Many middle-aged women have tried to resist becoming “mad housewives” and have learnt to be “flexible housewives” by actively decentering their role as mothers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Archer, S. (1991). A feminist’s approach to identity research. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta, & R. Montemmayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation (pp. 25–49). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Arendell, T. (2000). Conceiving and investigating motherhood: The decade’s scholarship. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1192–1207.
Bartky, S. (1990). Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. London: Routledge.
Bassin, D., Honey, M., & Kaplan, M. M. (1994). Introduction. In D. Bassin, M. Honey, & M. M. Kaplan (Eds.), Representations of motherhood (pp. 1–25). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Burkitt, I. (2004). The time and space of everyday life. Cultural Studies, 18, 211–227.
Burns, A., & Leonard, R. (2005). Chapters of our lives: Life narratives of middle and older Australian women. Sex Roles, 52, 269–277.
Caplan, P. (1989). Don’t blame mother: Minding the mother–daughter relationship. New York: Routledge.
Census and Statistics Department (2006). Women and men in Hong Kong: Key statistics. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.
Central Intelligence Agency (2006). CIA—The world factbook—Hong Kong. Retrieved December 21, 2006, from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/hk.html, December 19.
Chan, S. Y. (2003). The Confucian conception of gender in the twenty-first century. In D. Bell & H. Chaibong (Eds.), Confucianism for the modern world (pp. 312–333). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chan, C. Y. Z., & Ma, L. C. J. (2002). Family themes of food refusal: Disciplining the body and punishing the family. Health Care for Women International, 23, 49–58.
Charmaz, K. (2005). Grounded theory in the 21st century: Applications for advancing social justice studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 507–535). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cheal, D. (1991). Family and the state of theory. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Chodorow, N. (1990). Gender, relation, and difference in psychoanalytic perspective. In C. Zanardi (Ed.), Essential papers on the psychology of women (pp. 420–436). New York: New York University Press.
Coontz, S., & Parson, M. (1997). Complicating the contested terrain of work/family intersections: A review essay. Signs, 22, 440–452.
Derrida, J. (1976). Of grammatology (G. C. Spivak, Trans.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, J. (1996). Remarks on deconstruction and pragmatism. In C. Mouffe (Ed.), Deconstruction and pragmatism (pp. 77–88). London: Routledge.
Dill, B. T. (1994). Across the boundaries of race and class: An exploration of work and family among Black female domestic servants. New York: Garland.
Elvin-Nowak, Y., & Thomsson, H. (2001). Motherhood as idea and practice: A discursive understanding of employed mothers in Sweden. Gender & Society, 15, 407–428.
Forcey, L. R. (1994). Feminist perspectives on mothering and peace. In E. N. Glenn, G. Chang, & L. R. Forcey (Eds.), Mothering: Ideology, experience, and agency (pp. 355–375). New York: Routledge.
Garey, A. L. (1999). Weaving work and motherhood. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Gergen, K. (1997). Realities and relationships: Soundings in social construction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 191–216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hartsock, N. C. M. (1998). The feminist standpoint revisited and other essays. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Harvey, N., & Halverson, C. (2000). The secret and the promise: Women’s struggles in Chiapas. In D. Howarth, A. J. Norval, & Y. Stavrakakis (Eds.), Discourse theory and political analysis: Identities, hegemonies and social change (pp. 151–167). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Hattery, A. (2001). Women, work, and family: Balancing and weaving. London: Sage.
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ho, P. S. Y. (1999). Developing a social constructionist therapy approach in working with gay men and their families in Hong Kong. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 9, 69–97.
Ho, P. S. Y. (2001). Breaking down or breaking through: An alternative way to understand depression among women in Hong Kong. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10, 89–106.
Ho, P. S. Y. (2006). The (charmed) circle game: reflections on sexual hierarchy through multiple sexual relationships. Sexualities, 9, 547–564.
Ho, P. S. Y. (2007a). “Money in the private chamber”: Hong Kong Chinese women’s way of planning for their retirement. Affilia, 22, 1–15.
Ho, P. S. Y. (2007b). Desperate housewives—The case of “Si-nai” in Hong Kong. Affilia (in press).
Ho, P. S. Y., & Tsang, A. K. T. (2002). The things girls shouldn’t see: Relocating the penis in sex education in Hong Kong. Sex Education, 2, 61–73.
Ho, P. S. Y., & Tsang, A. K. T. (2005). Beyond the vagina–clitoris debate: From naming the sex organ to the reclaiming of the body. Women’s Studies Forum International, 28, 523–534.
Ho, P. S. Y., Wong, D. H. W., Cheng, S. L., & Pei, Y. X. (2005). The real deal or no big deal—Chinese women in Hong Kong and the orgasmic experience. Issues in Contemporary Culture and Aesthetics, 1, 177–187.
Holloway, S. D., Suzuki, S., Yamamoto, Y., & Mindnich, J. D. (2006). Relation of maternal role concepts to parenting, employment choices, and life satisfaction among Japanese women. Sex Roles, 54, 235–249.
Holstein, J. A., & Miller, G. (1993). Reconsidering social constructionism: Debates in social problems theory. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Howell, L. C., & Beth, A. (2002). Midlife myths and realities: Women reflect on their experiences. Journal of Women and Aging, 14, 189–204.
Hunter, S., Sundel, S., & Sundel, M. (2002). Women at midlife: Life experiences and implications for the helping professions. Washington, DC: NASW Press.
Jacobs, J., & Gerson, K. (1997). The endless day or the flexible office? Working hours, work–family conflict, and gender equity in the modern workplace. Philadelphia: Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Johnston, D. D., & Swanson, D. H. (2006). Constructing the “Good Mother”: The experience of mothering ideologies by work status. Sex Roles, 54, 509–519.
Koo, L. (1995). The (non) status of women in traditional Chinese society. Hong Kong Psychological Society Bulletin, 14, 7–37.
Kroger, J., & Haslett, S. J. (1991). A comparison of ego identity status transition pathways and change rates across five identity domains. Journal of Aging and Human Development, 34, 303–330.
Kwok, S., & Wong, F. K. D. (2000). Mental health of parents with young children in Hong Kong: The roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy. Child and Family Social Work, 5, 57–65.
Lai, A. C., Zhang, Z., & Wang, W. (2000). Maternal child-rearing practices in Hong Kong and Beijing Chinese families: A comparative study. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 60–66.
LeBlanc, R. M. (1999). Bicycle citizens: The political world of the Japanese housewife. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lee, C. K. (1998). Gender and South China miracle. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lee, S. (1999). Fat, fatigue and the feminine: The changing cultural experience of women in Hong Kong. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry: An International Journal of Comparative Cross-Cultural Research, 23, 51–73.
Lee, W. K. M. (2002). Women employment in colonial Hong Kong. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 30, 246–264.
Lee, K. J., Um, C. C., & Kim, S. (2004). Multiple roles of married Korean women: Effect on depression. Sex Roles, 51, 469–478.
Leonard, V. W. (1996). Mothering as a practice. In S. Gordon, P. Benner, & N. Noddings (Eds.), Caregivings: Readings in knowledge, practice, ethics, and politics (pp. 124–140). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Logan, J. R., Bian, F., & Bian, Y. (1998). Tradition and change in the urban Chinese family: The case of living arrangements. Social Forces, 76, 851–882.
Luk-Fong, Y. Y. P. (1999). ‘In search of a hybrid guidance curriculum for Hong Kong primary schools’, paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the Hong Kong Educational Research Association, 20–21 November.
Luk-Fong, Y. Y. P. (2005). A search for new ways of describing parent–child relationships: Voices from principals, teachers, guidance professionals, parents and pupils. Childhood, 12, 111–137.
Marcia, J. E. (1987). The identity status approach to the study of ego identity development. In T. Honess & K. Yardley (Eds.), Self and identity: Perspectives across the life span (pp. 161–171). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marecek, J. (2003). Mad housewives, double shifts, mommy tracks, and other invented moralities. Feminism & Psychology, 13, 259–264.
McMahon, M. (1995). Engendering motherhood: Identity and self-transformation in women’s lives. New York: Guilford.
Miller, M. (2005). The feminine mystique: Sexual excess and the pre-political housewife. Women: A Cultural Review, 16, 1–17.
Ng, W. C. (1999). What do women want? Giving university women in Hong Kong a voice. Feminism & Psychology, 9, 243–248.
Ng, C. W., & Ng, E. G. H. (2005). Hong Kong single women’s pragmatic negotiation of work and personal space. Anthropology of Work Review, XXV, 8–13.
Ngo, H. (2002). Part-time employment in Hong Kong: A gendered phenomenon? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 361–377.
Norton, T. R., Gupta, A., Stephens, M. A. P., Martire, L. M., & Townsend, A. L. (2005). Stress, rewards, and change in the centrality of women’s family and work roles: Mastery as a mediator. Sex Roles, 52, 325–336.
O’Donnell, L. N. (1985). The unheralded majority: Contemporary women as mothers. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
Oberman, Y., & Josselson, R. (1996). Matrix of tensions: A model of mothering. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 341–359.
Ong, A. (1999). Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality. London: Duke University Press.
Pearson, V., & Wong, D. K. P. (2001). A baseline survey of student’s attitudes towards gender stereotypes and family roles. Hong Kong: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Pun, S. H., Ma, J. L. C., & Lai, K. C. C. (2004). In search of perfect motherhood for imperfect childhood—Experiences of 22 Chinese mothers. Child and Family Social Work, 9, 285–293.
Robertson, J. (1998). Takarazuka: Sexual politics and popular culture in modern Japan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rogers, S. J., & White, L. K. (1998). Satisfaction with parenting: The role of marital happiness, family structure, and parents’ gender. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 293–308.
Ruddick, S. (1994). Thinking mothers/conceiving birth. In D. Bassin, M. Honey, & M. M. Kaplan (Eds.), Representations of motherhood (pp. 29–46). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Sandywell, B. (2004). The myth of everyday life: Toward a heterology of the ordinary. Cultural Studies, 18, 160–180.
Scarr, S. (1998). American child care today. American Psychologist, 53, 95–108.
Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 199–213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shek, D. T. L. (1996a). Perception of the value of children to Hong Kong parents. Journal of Psychology, 130, 561–569.
Shek, D. T. L. (1996b). Midlife crisis in Chinese men and women. Journal of psychology, 130, 109–119.
Shek, D. T. L., Tang, V. M. Y., & Han, X. Y. (2005). Evaluation of evaluation studies using qualitative research methods in social work literature (1990–2003): Evidence that constitutes a wake-up call. Research on Social Work Practice, 15, 180–194.
Short, S. E., Chen, F., Entwisle, B., & Fengying, Z. (2002). Maternal work and child care in China: A multi-method analysis. Population and Development Review, 28, 31–57.
Smith, D. (1990). Texts, facts, and femininity: Exploring the relations of ruling. London: Routledge.
Spain, D., & Bianchi, S. M. (1996). Balancing act: Motherhood, marriage, and employment among American women. New York: Russell Sage.
A. Strauss & J. Corbin (Eds.) (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Su, B. (1996). Women’s marital status: Past and present. Beijing Review, 11, 18–19.
Tam, S. M. (1999). Private practice and gendered power: Women doctors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Teng, J. E. (1996). The construction of the “traditional Chinese woman” in Western academy: A critical review. Signs, 22, 115–151.
The Women’s Foundation (2006). The status of women & girls in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Women’s Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from http://www.thewomensfoundationhk.org/english/research_status.html.
Thoits, P. (1992). Identity structures and psychological well-being: Gender and marital status comparisons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 236–256.
Tsang, A. K. T., & Ho, P. S. Y. (2007). Lost in translation: Sex & sexuality in elite discourse and everyday language. Sexualities (in press).
Tutty, L., Rothery, M., & Grinnell, R., Jr. (1996). Qualitative research for social workers: Phases, steps, & tasks. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Wang, X. Y., & Ho, P. S. Y. (2007). My sassy girl: Women’s aggression in dating relationships in Beijing. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 623–638.
Whitbourne, S. K., Zuschlag, M. K., Elliot, L. B., & Waterman, A. S. (1992). Psychosocial development in adulthood: A 22-year sequential study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 260–271.
Yau, O. H. M. (1995). Consumer behaviour in China. London: Routledge.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank the two research assistants, Ms. Helen Goh and Ms. Carmen Ng for helping me with coding the data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ho, P.Sy. Eternal Mothers or Flexible Housewives? Middle-aged Chinese Married Women in Hong Kong. Sex Roles 57, 249–265 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9255-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9255-8