Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Response surface optimization of nitrite removal from aqueous solution by Fe3O4 stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design

  • Published:
Research on Chemical Intermediates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The magnetite (Fe3O4) stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4-ZVINPs) were synthesized and characterized by TEM, SEM, BET, and XRD techniques and used for removal of NO −2 from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a three-level, three-variable, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the individual and interactive effects of three different experimentally controlled factors like pH, temperature, and Fe3O4-ZVINPs dose on removal efficiency. The RSM uses a second-order polynomial quadratic model (SOPM) for predicting the optimum point. The analysis of variance has been employed to evaluate the significance of the polynomial model for predicting the optimal conditions of independent process variables to get maximum removal efficiency. Three-dimensional (3D) response surface plots were constructed to visualize the simultaneous interactive effects between two process variables. Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data to the SOPM with a coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.993 and Fisher F-value of 82.27. All the three factors had a significant impact on removal of NO −2 . The predicted value of model (94.54 mg g−1) was in good agreement with experimental value (93.78 mg g−1) under the optimum conditions of temperature 49.6 °C; pH 4; and dose 0.4 g L−1. The study demonstrated that Fe3O4 in combination with ZVINPs significantly accelerated the NO −2 removal. The removal of NO −2 from synthetic ground water was also investigated at optimum conditions to assess the effect of the other competing ions. The results of the study indicate that Fe3O4-ZVINPs have promising potential to cleanup NO −2 from contaminated water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F. Liang, J. Fan, Y. Guo, M. Fan, J. Wang, H. Yang, Reduction of nitrite by ultrasound-dispersed nanoscale zer-valent iron particles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 8550–8554 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J.M. Rodriguez-Maroto, F. Garcia-Herruzo, A. Garcia-Rubio, C. Gomez-Lahoz, C. Vereda-Alonso, Kinetics of the chemical reduction of nitrate by zero-valent iron. Chemosphere 74, 804–809 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. K.P. Singh, A.K. Singh, S. Gupta, Optimization of nitrate reduction by EDTA catalyzed zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles in aqueous medium. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 3914–3919 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. N. Öztürk, T.E. Köse, A kinetic study of nitrite adsorption onto sepiolite and powdered activated carbon. Desalination 223, 174–179 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. S.H. Lin, C.L. Wu, Electrochemical removal of nitrite and ammonia for aquaculture. Water Res. 30, 715–721 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Z. Zhang, Z. Hao, Y. Yang, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, X. Xu, Reductive denitrification kinetics of nitrite by zero-valent iron. Desalination 257, 158–162 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Mohan, C.U. Jr, Pittman, Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri and hexavalent chromium for water. J. Hazard. Mater. 137, 762–811 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. V.K. Gupta, I. Ali, Advances in water treatment by adsorption technology. Nature Protocol 1, 2661–2667 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Mittal, J. Mittal, A. Malviya, D. Kaur, V.K. Gupta, Decoloration treatment of a hazardous triarylmethane dye, light green SF (yellowish) by waste material adsorbents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 342, 518–527 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K.P. Singh, A.K. Singh, S. Gupta, P. Rai, Modeling and optimization of reductive degradation of chloramphenicol in aqueous solution by zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 2063–2078 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. X. Zhang, S. Lin, Z. Chin, M. Megharaj, R. Naidu, Kaolinite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution: reactivity, characterization and mechanism. Water Res. 45, 3481–3488 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. L. Alidokht, A.R. Khataee, A. Reyhanitabar, S. Oustan, Reductive removal of Cr(VI) by starch-stabilized Fe0 nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Desalination 270, 105–110 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R.A. Crane, M. Dickinson, I.C. Popescu, T.B. Scott, Magnetite and zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of uranium contaminated environmental water. Water Res. 45, 2931–2942 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. F. He, D. Zhao, J. Liu, C.B. Roberts, Stabilization of Fe-Pd nanoparticles with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced transport and dechlorination of trichloroethylene in soil and ground water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46, 29–34 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Z.X. Chen, Y. Cheng, Z. Chen, M. Megharaj, R. Naidu, Kaolin-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removing cationic dye–crystal violet in aqueous solution. J. Nanopart. Res. 14, 899 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. X.S. Lv, J. Xu, G.M. Jiang, X. Xu, Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater by nanoscale zero-valent iron particles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chemophere 85, 1204–1209 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. L.N. Shi, X. Zhang, Z.L. Chen, Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. Water Res. 45, 886–892 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Xu, J. Tanga, S.A. Baiga, X. Lva, X. Xu, Enhanced dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol by Pd/Fe Fe3O4 nanocomposites. J. Hazard. Mater. 244–245, 628–636 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. X. Lv, J. Xu, G. Jiang, J. Tang, X. Xu, Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)–Fe3O4 nanocomposites for the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 369, 460–469 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R.L. Oliveira, P.K. Kiyohara, L.M. Rossi, High performance magnetic separation of gold nanoparticles for catalytic oxidation of alcohols. Green Chem. 12, 144–149 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Y. Wu, J. Zhang, Y. Tong, X. Xu, Chromium (VI) reduction in aqueous solutions by Fe3O4-stabilized FeO nanoparticles. J. Hazard. Mater. 172, 1640–1645 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Choe, Y.Y. Chang, K.Y. Hwang, J. Khim, Kinetics of reductive denitrification by nanoscale zero-valent iron. Chemosphere 41(2000), 1307–1311 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.L. Ginner, P.J.J. Alavarez, S.L. Smith, M.M. Scherer, Nitrate and nitrite reduction by Fe°: influence of mass transport, temperature and denitrifying microbes. Environ. Eng. Sci. 21, 219–229 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Bajpai, S.K. Gupta, A. Dey, M.K. Jha, V. Bajpai, S. Joshi, A. Gupta, Application of central composite design approach for removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using weakly anionic resin: modeling, optimization and study of interactive variables. J. Hazard. Mater. 227, 436–444 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. K.P. Singh, A.K. Singh, U.V. Singh, P. Verma, Optimizing removal of ibuprofen from water by magnetic nanocomposite using Box-Behnken design. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 724–738 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. K.P. Singh, A.K. Singh, S. Gupta, S. Sinha, Optimization of Cr(VI) reduction by zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles using the response surface modeling approach. Desalination 270, 275–284 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Q. Wang, S. Snyder, J. Kim, H. Choi, Aqueous ethanol modified nanoscale zero-valent iron in bromate reduction: synthesis, characterization and reactivity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 3292–3299 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow (India) for his keen interest in this work and for providing the necessary facilities. Arun K. Singh gratefully acknowledges CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) for awarding the senior research fellowship to him.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India

    Arun K. Singh & Kunwar P. Singh

  2. Environmental Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India

    Arun K. Singh & Kunwar P. Singh

Authors
  1. Arun K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kunwar P. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arun K. Singh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Singh, A.K., Singh, K.P. Response surface optimization of nitrite removal from aqueous solution by Fe3O4 stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. Res Chem Intermed 42, 2247–2265 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2147-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2147-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation