Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The way of visionaries: foresight and imagination, computed

  • Published:
Quality & Quantity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Do foresight and imagination change in the words of power elites? We first extract information present in stories with a text mining tool equipped with text-analytical filters, the ‘Foresight’ and ‘Imagination’ lexicons. We also convert Kermode’s views on time in novels into computable data drawn from the ‘Foresight’ lexicon. We then test these views on tales of scattered episodes—Sartre’s “Nausea” or Murdoch’s “Under the Net” for example. Our lexicons are then tested on novels showing concordance between beginning and end—James’ “The Bostonians” or Joyce’s “Ulysses”—where each episode leads to the next. The ‘Imagination’ lexicon of words that transcend time and space is tested on fantasies: such as Kerouac’s “On the Road”—a spiritual and endless search—and Rushdie’s “Midnight’s Children”, places where boundaries between the real and the unreal collapse. The last step and basic target entails rolling out each confirmed lexicon on power elites’ speeches, casting into sharp relief how foresight and imagination take shape over time. The era explored resonates with extreme events. Foresight and imagination unfold disparately in power elites. Imagination increases in the Bilderberg Reports (1954–2002), and the speeches of Pope Francis (2013–2018), President Xi (2012–2019), and President Tusk (EU Council, 2014–2018), but droops in President Draghi (ECB, 2011–2018). Foresight goes up in the Bilderberg Reports and partway in Pope Francis; it weakens in President Xi, declines in President Tusk and flattens in President Draghi. Except for the Bilderberg group, power elites do not seem to understand the present, essential for foreseeing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Time and duration are now on the mend. See, among others, Mills (1959, chap. 8 “Uses of history, pp. 143–164); Sweezy (1970 on ‘the present as history’, quoted by Mills 1959, p. 146), Hirschman (1995, p. 136 on the ‘physics envy’ of the social and economic world); Oatley (2013, 2016, 2017), Burke and Troscianko (2017), Oishi et al. (2009) on why areas of psychology lost the connection with duration.

  2. Reckoning with the usefulness of mining what’s hidden in texts (Cohan 2012), it is easy for hidden powers to play on Internet information in open societies and lay down the field ready for future dissidences. Uncovering evidence to present correct information against easy manipulation—war of ideas—is part of the social sciences (Bayart 2020; Bradshaw and Howard 2019; Rosenblum and Muirhead 2019; Tötösy de Zepetnek 2016; Zuboff 2019).

  3. https://ourworldindata.org/wrong-about-the-world.

  4. https://ourworldindata.org/motivation.

  5. “What is familiar and well known as such is not really known” (Hegel 2018, p. 20). Also Lefebvre (2014).

  6. Bersani (1967), Whitehead (1967, chap. VI ‘Foresight’ pp. 87–99), Webster (1974), Antakyahoğlu (2015).

  7. When times goes backwards: Opposite to the ‘arrow of time’ paradigm is Amis’ (1991) harrowing story of a Nazi war criminal doctor living his life backwards, from end to beginning. Vonnegut too (“Slaughterhouse-five” 1969, p. 53) travels backwards in time when describing the 1945 bombing of Dresden in reverse, with the city depicted from destroyed to standing up, bombs being ‘lifted back’ into the belly of bombers landing backwards from British airfields. In both cases, it’s still concordance and order, only reversed.

  8. In ‘Imagination as value’ (pp. 724–739). Referring to Stevens (1944), Burke (1969, pp. 223–226) disputes Stevens’ notion of imagination as agent of idealism, read: reason and mind. Stevens, writes Burke, vacillates between “dramatist realism and idealist scientism” (p. 225). And concludes (p. 226), “The correct controversy here should not have been at all a pitting of art against science: it should have been a pitting of one view of science against another”.

  9. On July 11, 2019, the French Ministry of Defense issued a document “Imagine Au-Delà” (Imagining beyond) on creating a ‘Red Team’ cell of sci-fi writers and futurologists (p. 22) mustered to develop ‘disruption scenarios’ on strategic innovation (https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/562305/9712751/file/Plaquette%20DOID%20VF.pdf—in French). Before that project, sci-fi writer Asimov (2010, 2015) was linked to anti-missile missiles research programs. And sci-fi writer Brooks (2007, about a China-originated pandemic!) is quoted as an influential MWI (Modern War Institute) Non-Resident Fellow (https://mwi.usma.edu/non-resident-fellows/max-brooks/). Also Sterling (1989) or Bacigalupi (2009) about scenarios of economic innovations.

  10. “[The] intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art” (Wimsatt and Beardsley 1946, p. 468).

  11. de Certeau (2011, p. 245) quotes Borges (2007, p. 214): “One literature differs from another, prior or posterior, less because of the text than because of the way in which it is read”. Also Bromwich (2019; Kripke 1988)—on how the meaning of words in readers goes askew of what writers intend, and Mercier’s new insights (2020, p. 28) about the need for vigilance through “mechanisms that minimize our exposure to unreliable signals and, by keeping track of who said what, inflict costs on unreliable senders".

  12. Writing on books soldiers read during WWI, Laugesen (2017, Introduction) claims that readers always found other uses for the books that circulated officially “while many books were circulated for official purposes, there were always other uses to which they could be put by readers themselves”. Readers make words do what they want, not what writers want.

  13. Illustration: the 600 senses of entry ‘run’ in the OED (Stamper 2017, p. 148). Or entry ‘unbelievable’ increasing from 0% c.1900 to 0.0002426418% as of 2007 (Google Books Ngram Viewer).

  14. "The first thing the intellect does with an object is to class it along with something else" (James 1985, p. 9).

  15. “It is obvious that an imagined world, however different it may be from the real one, must have something—a form—in common with it” (Wittgenstein 1974, axiom 2.022). Wittgenstein does not deny the world of imagination and resemblances, far from it, for he acknowledges the low barrier between fiction and history.

  16. Few foresaw the Fall of the Berlin Wall. “Isn’t it incredible? He wailed. Our secret services are so lousy that we had no inkling of this coming on!” (A senior West German intelligence official, in Taylor 2009, p. 218). Or Mario Vargas Llosa (El País, February 13, 2011): “¿Qué mejor prueba que la caída de Mubarak de que la historia no está escrita y que toma direcciones que escapan a todas las teorías?” [‘What better proof than the fall of Mubarak that history is not written, taking directions escaping all theories?’] (https://elpais.com/diario/2011/02/13/opinion/1297551613_850215.html).

  17. Outside lexicons, factor analysis of word-word correlations is another channel to assay texts (WordStat 8 at ProvalisResearch, https://provalisresearch.com/products/content-analysis-software/; Iker and Klein 1974; Hogenraad et al. 2003a, b). Everitt et al. (1971, p. 399) argue one should not expect factor analysis to produce a classification, but merely content coordinates that belong to the text, not to a lexicon.

  18. Archived at https://archive.org/details/ANTICIPdlc and https://perma.cc/manage/create/?folder=36197-36271.

  19. The current 2010 0.92 version of EmoLex) clocks in at 6474 emotion entries, of which 842 for ‘anticipation’. Details of the build-out of the EmoLex lexicon at http://saifmohammad.com/WebPages/NRC-Emotion-Lexicon.htm. Google translate versions of EmoLex avail for other languages (see ‘NRC Emotion Lexicon in other languages’; also Haselmayer and Jenny 2017 crowdsourcing-based German ‘Political Sentiment Dictionary’).

  20. WordNet Affect Lexicon (Strapparava and Valitutti 2004); General Inquirer (Stone et al. 1966); Macquarie Thesaurus (Bernard 2000).

  21. Mohammad and Turney (2010) on https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome.

  22. https://archive.org/details/aeTRANSFIGdlc and https://perma.cc/manage/create/?folder=36197-36271.

  23. Through it all, with changing fortunes, we saw the “Journal on Mental Imagery” (1977-), “Imagination, Cognition, and Personality” (1981-), Jaensch’s “the gulf between sensations and images” Jaensch (1970, p. 3), Köhler (1959), Martindale’s (1975, 1979) studies with the regressive imagery dictionary, Bruner (1986), Oatley (2016), to name a few.

  24. That is, “discovery learning”, as Piaget’s (1977; see also Asimov 2015) title puts it, “To Understand is to Invent” (reported by Bruner 1986, p. 127). Most difficult to grasp is Sartre’s (2012, p. 136, our translation) conclusion that “The image is an act, not a thing”. With the imagination lexicon, we do just that, setting acts into words.

  25. In “King Lear” always condensed poetry, almost nobody is reasonable enough to anticipate, for anticipating requires reason and good sense, not folly nor extravagance.

  26. “It is to be feared that with the union, so far from brilliant, into which she was about to enter, these were not the last she was destined to shed” (Snap closing sentence of “The Bostonians”). Read: “the exercise of influence or power by one person over another”, Karlin’s introduction to James’ (2019) “The Bostonians” (p. lxiv).

  27. The Bilderberg Group (de Bruin 2017; Gijswijt 2018) brings together at intervals the upper reaches of the social, economic, political world – but where women’s and nonwhites’ voices are rare (Zieliński 2017, p. 116; for Bilderberg participants online database, see https://www.academia.edu/41409801/Bilderberg_participants_database_v2.0). “The participants represented government, diplomacy, politics, business, law, (…) and institutes specialising in national and international studies […] spoke in a personal capacity […] in order to permit frank and open discussion, no public reporting of the conference took place.” (2002 Chantilly, France meeting May 30–June 2). (Dutch National Archives, The Hague, https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/research/archive/2.19.045?activeTab=zoekresultaat&searchTerm=Bilderberg). ‘Public Intelligence’ (https://publicintelligence.net/bilderberg-archive/) obtained reports 1954–2002 only. The Bilderberg reports are similar to Mass-Observation over time (Hall 2016; Harrison 2011; Holden 2019, p. xxvii). A discrete group with political and social clout, the Bilderberg Group remains out of touch with lower reaches of people.

  28. In both 3.1 and 3.2, we use the text analytics system PROTAN Hogenraad et al. (2003a, b) to compare lexicon entries to the text words of each document and register the number of times a lexicon entry hits a text entry by unit (chapters, months, years, or other) regardless of repetition. For each lexicon and each part into which one has divided a document, one calculates a score (square root rate of the ratio of the number of times lexicon entries hit text words to the total number of words in that unit). One then follows the course of the scores over time (statistical regressions on square root rates through Péladeau’s 1996 Simstat). CI’s values in Tables 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are based on 20,000 bootstrapping regressions (randomization with replacement) (Péladeau and Lacouture 1993; Hogenraad and McKenzie 1999; Shalizi 2010).

  29. Amis’ “Time’s Arrow”; Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums”; Hrabal’s “I served the King…”; Marlowe’s “History…”; Cervantes’ “Don Quixote”; Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”.

  30. In other respects, correlations (Table 9) between foresight and imagination are positive in Bilderberg, moderately positive in Tusk and Draghi, otherwise in Francis and Xi. The nearest to a sensible comment is to register a lack of coherent relations. The different time spans of datasets (48 years for Bilderberg versus from 4 to 7 years for the other ones) also make us hesitant to commit ourselves to further explanations.

  31. “Chinese thinking often gives no attention to distinctions which for Western minds are so traditional and so firmly established in thought and language, that we neither question them nor even become aware of them as distinctions” (Richards 1932, p. 3). Otherwise, we noted earlier Xi’s speeches were not for in-house use.

  32. http://fi.china-embassy.org/eng/kxjs/P020171025789108009001.pdf (‘China Science & Technology Newsletter’, September 15, 2017), quoted by Lanchester (2019, p. 6).

  33. Hall (2002, p. 216), Koehler and James (2009), Whittle (2000), Davies (2018), about missing information in wartime; Bloch (2013).

  34. Wilson et al. (2005) on the pleasures of uncertainty; Bar-Anan et al. (2009), Hofstede et al. (2010, pp. 187–234) on uncertainty avoidance.

  35. Barrero and Bloom (2020), Ben-Haim and Hipel (2002), Clark (2016), Fischhoff (1975), Jenkins et al. (2017), Tversky and Kahneman (1974, 1992), McNeil (2006) on educating to uncertainty.

  36. Loughran and McDonald (2016) dedicated lexicon on financial texts; Oreskes and Conway (2012), Michaels (2020) on sowing doubt.

References

  • Abraham, N., Torok, M.: The shell and the kernel: Renewals of Psychoanalysis, Volume 1 (N.T. Rand, Trans. & Ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1994)

  • ALLEA (All European Academies): The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Berlin (2017). https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/hi/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf. Accessed 30 Apr 2020

  • Amis, M.: Time’s Arrow or the Nature of the Offence. Jonathan Cape, London (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Anscombe, G.E.M.: Intention. Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Antakyahoğlu, Z.: The sense of an ending: Frank Kermode and Julian Barnes. In: Çelikel, M.A., Taniyan, B. (eds.) English Studies: New Perspectives (Hardcover), pp. 327–335. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Asimov, I.: Foundation, Foundation and Empire, 2nd edn. Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Asimov, I.: Isaac Asimov asks, “How do people get new ideas?” A 1959 essay by Isaac Asimov on creativity. MIT Technol. Rev. (2015). https://www.technologyreview.com/s/531911/isaac-asimov-asks-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/. Accessed 23 July 2019

  • Attar, F.: The Conference of the Birds (A. Darbandi, D. Davis, Trans.). Penguin Books, London (1984). (Original Persian work appeared 1177)

  • Auerbach, E.: Time, History, and Literature: Selected Essays of Erich Auerbach (J.O. Newman, Trans., J.I. Porter Ed.). Princeton University Press, Princeton (2016)

  • Bacigalupi, P.: The Windup Girl (Hardcover). Night Shade, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Anan, Y., Wilson, T.D., Gilbert, D.T.: The feeling of uncertainty intensifies affective reactions. Emotion 9(1), 123–127 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J.: The Sense of an Ending (Paperback). Vintage Books, London (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrero, J., Bloom, N.: Economic uncertainty and the recovery. Paper Presented August 28, 2020 at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Symposium “Navigating the Decade Ahead: Implications for Monetary Policy”. The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Denver, (2020). https://www.kansascityfed.org/~/media/files/publicat/sympos/2020/20200806bloom.pdf?la=en. Accessed 26 Sept 2020

  • Bayart, J.-F.: Les sciences sociales sont en danger à l’échelle internationale [Social sciences are at risk on the world stage]. Le Monde, July 9 2020. https://journal.lemonde.fr/data/909/reader/reader.html?t=159#!/ and https://faribaroland.hypotheses.org/8821. Accessed July 10 2020

  • Beckett, S.: Endgame (S. Beckett, Trans., Paperback). Faber and Faber, London (2009). (Original work published 1958 under the French title “Fin de Partie”)

  • Ben-Haim, Y., Hipel, K.W.: The graph model for conflict resolution with information-gap uncertainty in preferences. Appl. Math. Comput. 126(2–3), 319–340 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D.E.: Aesthetics and Psychobiology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, M.: All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (Paperback). Verso, London (2010). (Original work published 1982)

  • Bernard, J.R.L.: The Macquarie Thesaurus: The National Thesaurus. Macquarie Library, Sydney (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bersani, L.: Variations on a paradigm. N.Y.T., (June 11 1967, Section‘International Economic Survey’, p. 294). (A review of Frank Kermode’s “The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction”). https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/25/specials/kermode-ending1.html. Accessed 23 Feb 2019

  • Bloch, M.: Reflections of a historian on the false news of the war (J.P. Holoka, Trans.). Mich. War Study Rev. 51(1 July), 1–10 (2013). http://www.miwsr.com/2013-051.aspx. Accessed 4 July 2019. (Original work published by Bloch, M.: Réflexions d’un historien sur les fausses nouvelles de la guerre. Revue de Synthèse Historique 33, 13-35 (1921)

  • Borges, J.L.: Labyrinths. Selected Stories and Other Writings (E. Weinberger, Trans., D. A. Yates, J. E. Irby Eds.). New Directions Books, New York (2007). (Original work published 1962)

  • Boyle, N.: Goethe: The Poet and the Age. Revolution and Renunciation, 1790–1803, vol. 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, S., Howard, P.N.: The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019.2, Project on Computational Propaganda, Oxford (2019). https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2019

  • Bromwich, D.: Moral Imagination: Essays (Paperback). Princeton University Press, Princeton (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D.: How Words Make Things Happen (Hardcover). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2019)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, T.: Great State: China and the World (Hardcover). Profile Books, London (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, C.: The Well-Wrought Urn. Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Denis Dobson, London (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M.: World War Z (Paperback). Duckworth, London (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J.S.: Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (Paperback). Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1986)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, K.: A Grammar of Motives. University of California Press, Berkeley (1969)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M., Troscianko, E.T. (eds.): Cognitive Literary Science: Dialogues between Literature and Cognition. Oxford University Press, New York (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burleigh, M.: The Best Times, the Worst Times: A History of Now. Macmillan, London (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, W.B.: Informal Sociology: A Casual Introduction to Sociological Thinking. Random House, New York (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, H., Markman, K.D.: “If only I had” versus “If only I had not”: mental deletions, mental additions, and perceptions of meaning in life events. J. Posit. Psychol. 14(5), 672–680 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1545040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A.: Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind (Hardcover). Oxford University Press, New York (2016)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohan, F.M.: Science needs more Moneyball. Am. Sci. 100(3), 182 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1511/2012.96.182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleridge, S.T.: Biographia Literaria (A. Roberts, Ed., Hardcover). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2014). Original work published 1817

  • Collins: Holy Bible: King James Version (KJV). Collins, London (2011)

  • Davies, O.: A Supernatural War: Magic, Divination, and Faith During the First World War. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, R.M.: The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making. Am. Psychol. 34(7), 571–582 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Bruin, R.: Alt-right claims that would put the Soviets to shame. EuroVisie Publ. Stud. Assoc. Eur. Stud. 13(2), 28–31 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Certeau, M.: The Practice of Everyday Life (S. Rendall, Trans.). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (2011). (Original work published 1980 under the French title “L’Invention du Quotidien”)

  • de Cervantes, S.M.: The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha (J. Rutherford, Trans.). Penguin Books, London (2003)

  • de Zepetnek, S.T.: Bibliography of contextual (systemic and empirical) approaches in the study of literature and culture. Comp. Lit. Cult. 18(2), 2–68 (2016). https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.3136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defoe, D.: Robinson Crusoe (J. Kelly, T. Keymer, Eds.). Oxford University Press, London (2008). (Original work published 1719)

  • Drache, D., Kingsmith, A.T., Qi, D.: One Road, Many Dreams: China’s Bold Plan to Remake the Global Economy (Hardcover). Bloomsbury China, London (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducci, A.: Henri Focillon et l’histoire, réflexions à partir de L’An Mil [Henri Focillon and history, thoughts based on L’An Mil]. Revue de l’Art 150(4), 67–73 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Empson, W.: Using Biography. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Euripides: Medea and Other Plays (J. Morwood, Trans.). Oxford University Press, New York (2008). (Original work written 431 BCE)

  • Everitt, B.S., Gourlay, A.J., Kendell, R.E.: An attempt at validation of traditional psychiatric syndromes by cluster analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 119(551), 399–412 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, C.F., Wertsch, J.V.: Context dependent properties of teachers’ speech. Youth Soc. 7(3), 227–258 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x7600700301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, A., Miles, J., Field, Z.: Discovering Statistics Using R. Sage Publications, London (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischhoff, B.: Hindsight is not equal to foresight: the effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 1(3), 288–299 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florensky, P.: The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (B. Jakim, Trans., Paperback). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (2004). (Original work published 1914 under the Russian title “Stolp i Utverzhdenie Istiny”, Put Edition, Moscow). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346s0k

  • Focillon, H.: The year 1000. Frederick Ungar Publishing Cy., New York (1970). https://archive.org/details/year10000000foci. Accessed 19 Feb 2019

  • Gardner, H.: The Metaphysical Poets (Paperback). Penguin, London (1985). Original work published 1960

  • Gaskill, M.: Ministry of apparitions. Lond. Rev. Books 41(13), 19–21 (2019). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2018). (A review of O. Davies’ “A Supernatural War: Magic, Divination, and Faith during the First World War”). https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n13/malcolm-gaskill/ministry-of-apparitions. Accessed 4 July 2019

  • Gerasimov, V.: The value of science is in the foresight: new challenges demand rethinking the forms and methods of carrying out combat operations. Mil. Rev. 96(1), 23–29 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K.J.: Social psychology as history. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 26(2), 309–320 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gijswijt, T.W.: Informal Alliance: The Bilderberg Group and Transatlantic Relations during the Cold War, 1952–1968. Routledge, London (2018)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, W.: Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber, London (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, N.: Ways of Worldmaking. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gove, P. B.: Webster’s Third New International Dictionary—Unabridged (P. B. Gove Ed., Hardcover). Merriam-Webster, Springfield (1971)

  • Granovetter, M.S.: The strength of weak ties. Am. J. Sociol. 78(6), 1360–1380 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K.H.: Reviewing intuitive decision-making and uncertainty: the implications for medical education. Med. Educ. 36(3), 216–224 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01140.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D.: Worktown: The Astonishing Story of the Project that Launched Mass Observation. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M.A.K.: Learning How to Mean. Explorations in the Development of Language (Paperback). Hodder Arnold, London (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M.A.K.: The Language of Early Childhood. (The Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday) (J. J. Webster Ed., Hardcover, Vol. 4). Continuum, London (2004)

  • Harrison, T.: Living Through the Blitz. Faber and Faber, London (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haselmayer, M., Jenny, M.: Sentiment analysis of political communication: combining a dictionary approach with crowdcoding. Qual. Quant. 51(6), 2623–2646 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegel, G.W.F.: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: The Phenomenology of Spirit (T. Pinkard & M. Baur, Trans., Paperback). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge (2018). (Original work published 1807 under the German title “Phänomenologie des Geistes”)

  • Hirschman, A.O.: A Propensity to Self-Subversion (Paperback). Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., Minkov, M.: Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (Paperback). McGraw-Hill, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogenraad, R.: Fear in the West: a sentiment analysis using a computer-readable “Fear Index”. Qual. Quant. 53(3), 1239–1261 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0813-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogenraad, R., McKenzie, D.P.: Replicating text: the cumulation of knowledge in social science. Qual. Quant. 33(2), 97–116 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026421730175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogenraad, R., Daubies, C., Bestgen, Y., Mahau, P.: Une théorie et une méthode générale d’analyse textuelle assistée par ordinateur. Le système PROTAN© (PROTocol ANalyzer). [A general theory and package of text analytics: The PROTAN© package (PROTocol ANalyzer)]. [Computer software]. Psychology Department, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE (2003a). https://archive.org/details/PROTANUsersManual, https://archive.org/details/presentation_201711

  • Hogenraad, R., McKenzie, D.P., Péladeau, N.: Force and influence in content analysis: the production of new social knowledge. Qual. Quant. 37(3), 221–238 (2003b). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024401325472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, I.: Blitz Writing: Night Shift & It Was Different At The Time (K. Bluemel, Ed.). Handheld Press, Bath, UK (2019). (Original work published 1941 for the first title and 1943 for the second)

  • Hopp, F.R., Schaffer, J., Fisher, J.T., Weber, R.: iCoRe: The GDELT interface for the advancement of communication research. SocArXiv (2019). https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/smjwb

  • Hrabal, B.: I Served The King Of England (P. Wilson, Trans.). Vintage Books, London (2009). (Original work published 1983 under the Czech title “Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále”)

  • Iker, H.P., Klein, R.H.: WORDS: a computer system for the analysis of content. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. 6(4), 430–438 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ioannidis, J.P.A.: Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2(8), e124 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaensch, E. R.: Eidetic Imagery and Typological Methods of Investigation. (O. Oeser, Trans. Hardcover). Greenwood Press, Westport, CN (1970). (Original work published 1930 under the German title “Eidetische Anlage und kindliches Seelenleben”)

  • James, H.: The Bostonians (D. Karlin, Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2019). (Original work published 1886)

  • James, W.: The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (M.E. Marty Ed., Paperback). Penguin, London (1985). (Original work published 1902)

  • Jenkins, S.C., Harris, A.J.L., Lark, R.M.: Maintaining credibility when communicating uncertainty: the role of communication format. Paper Presented at the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, London (2017, 26–29 July). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317350551_Maintaining_Credibility_When_Communicating_Uncertainty_The_Role_of_Communication_Format#fullTextFileContent. Accessed 18 Sept 2020

  • John of the Cross: The dark night. In: John of the Cross: Collected Works (pp. 353–460) (K. Kavanaugh, O. Rodriguez, Trans.). ICS Publications: Washington, DC (1994). Original written between 1574–1577)

  • Joyce, J.: Ulysses. David Campbell Publishers, London (1992). (Original work published 1922)

  • Kahneman, D.: Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, R.F.: Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. W. W. Norton, New York (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kermode, F.: The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Oxford University Press, New York (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerouac, J.: On the Road. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth (1991). (Original work published 1957)

  • Kerouac, J.: The Dharma Bums. Penguin Books, London (2006). (Original work published 1958)

  • Keynes, J.M.: Some economic consequences of a declining population. Eugen. Rev. 29(1) 13–17 (1937). (The Galton Lecture, delivered before the Eugenics Society on February 16th, 1937). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985686/pdf/eugenrev00278-0023.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2019

  • Kiberd, D.: Commentary: Bloom in bourgeois Bohemia. A moment of perpetual possibility for Joyce—and for Dublin. Times Lit. Suppl., June 4, no 5279, 14–15, 2004. https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Newspapers&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=72&docId=GALE%7CEX1200518735&docType=Editorial&sort=Pub+Date+Forward+Chron&contentSegment=ZTLS-MOD1&prodId=TLSH&contentSet=GALE%7CEX1200518735&searchId=R4&userGroupName=tlsacc&inPS=true&ps=4&cp=72. Accessed July 22 2020

  • Klein, J., Damm, V., Giebeler, A.: An outline of a theory of imagination. J. Gen. Philos. Sci. 14(1), 15–23 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, D.J., James, G.: Probability matching in choice under uncertainty: intuition versus deliberation. Cogn. 113(1), 123–127 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, W.: Gestalt Psychology. An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology (Paperback). The New American Library, New York (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kripke, S.A.: Naming and Necessity. Basil Blackwell, Oxford (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanchester, J.: Document number nine: Chinese cyber-sovereignty. Lond. Rev. Books 41(19), 3–10 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Laugesen, A.: ‘Boredom is the Enemy’: The Intellectual and Imaginative Lives of Australian Soldiers in the Great War and Beyond. Routledge, New York (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H.: Critique of Everyday Life: The Three-Volume Text (J. Moore, Trans. Paperback). Verso, London (2014)

  • Loughran, T., McDonald, B.: Textual analysis in accounting and finance: a survey. J. Account. Res. 54(4), 1187–1230 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeterlinck, M.: The Plays of Maurice Maeterlinck: Alladine and Palomides, Pelleas and Melisande, Home and The Death of Tintagiles (R. Hovey, Trans.). Kessinger Publishing, LLC., Whitefish, MT (2010). (Original work published 1894 under the French title of “Trois Petits Drames pour Marionnettes, 2009. Espace Nord, Brussels)

  • Marlowe, C.: The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Charleston, SC (2017). (Original Text Quarto written 1604)

  • Martindale, C.: Romantic Progression: The Psychology of Literary History. Hemisphere, Washington, DC (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, C.: The night journey: trends in the content of narratives symbolizing alteration of consciousness. J. Altered States Conscious 4(4), 321–343 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • May, E.R., Zelikow, P.D. (eds.): The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, J.D.: Contemporary Curriculum: In Thought and Action (Paperback). Wiley, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, S.: In S. Mendes, P. Harris, J.-A. Tenggren, C. McDougall, B. Oliver (Film Producers). Entertainment One, London (2019)

  • Mercier, H.: Not Born Yesterday. The Science of Who We Trust and What We Believe (Hardcover). Princeton University Press, Princeton (2020)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, D.: The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception (Hardcover). Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C.W.: The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press, New York (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammad, S.M., Turney, P.: Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: using Mechanical Turk to create an emotion lexicon. Paper Presented at the NAACL-HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text, LA, CA (June 2010). http://saifmohammad.com/WebPages/NRC-Emotion-Lexicon.htm. Accessed 11 Jan 2018

  • Mohammad, S.M., Turney, P.: Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexicon. Comput. Intell. 29(3), 436–465 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murdoch, I.: Under the Net. Vintage Books, London (2002). (Original work published 1954)

  • Norris, C. J.: The negativity bias, revisited: evidence from neuroscience measures and an individual differences approach. Soc. Neurosci. Online 12 Dec, 1–15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2019.1696225. Accessed 3 Feb 2020

  • Oatley, K.: Worlds of the possible: abstraction, imagination, consciousness. Pragmat. Cognit. 21(3), 448–468 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.3.02oat

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oatley, K.: Imagination, inference, intimacy: the psychology of Pride and Prejudice. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 20(3), 236–244 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oatley, K.: On truth and fiction. In: Burke, M., Troscianko, E.T. (eds.) Cognitive Literary Science: Dialogues between Literature and Cognition, pp. 259–278. Oxford University Press, New York (2017)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., Snyder, B.H.: Sociology: a lost connection in social psychology. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 13(4), 334–353 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309347835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oreskes, N., Conway, E.M.: Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Bloomsbury Press, London (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, A.A.: “Concept” and “Conceit”: an aspect of comparative literary history. Mod. Lang. Rev., 77(4), 21–35 (1982). https://doi.org/10.2307/3726577. Presidential Address of the Modern Humanities Research Association read at University College, London, on 8 January 1982, Accessed 16 July 2020

  • Péladeau, N., Lacouture, Y.: SIMSTAT: bootstrap computer simulation and statistical program for IBM personal computers. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 25(3), 410–413 (1993). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Péladeau, N.: SimStat 2 (version 2.6.6, 18 May 2017) [Computer program]. Provalis Research, Montreal (1996). https://provalisresearch.com/products/simstat/. Accessed 20 Dec 2019

  • Piaget, J.: To Understand is to Invent (G.-A. Roberts, Trans. Paperback). Penguin, London (1977). (Original work published 1972 under the French title of “Où Va l’Education. Comprendre c’est Inventer”)

  • Pinker, S.: Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Allen Lane, London (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Plutchik, R.: The Psychology and Biology of Emotion. Longman, London (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Portis, E.B.: Political action & social science: Max Weber’s two arguments for objectivity. Polity 12(3), 409–427 (1980). https://doi.org/10.2307/3234214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proust, M.: In Search of Lost Time. Time Regained and A Guide to Proust, vol. 6. (A. Mayor, T. Kilmartin, D. J. Enright, Trans., C. K. S. Moncrieff, Ed.). Vintage Books, London (1996)

  • Richards, I.: A: Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definition. Harcourt, Brace, & Cy., New York (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, I. A.: Principles of Literary Criticism (Paperback). Routledge, New York (2001). (Original work published 1924)

  • Robbe-Grillet, A.: Snapshots and Towards a New Novel. Calder & Boyars, London (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbe-Grillet, A.: Jealousy & In The Labyrinth (R. Howard, Trans.). Grove Press, New York (2018). (Original work published 1957 under the French titles of “La Jalousie” and ‘Dans le Labyrinthe”)

  • Roese, N.J., Olson, J.M. (eds.): What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roget, P. M.: Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (R. A. Dutch ed., new edition completely revised and modernized). Longman, London (1962)

  • Rohrbeck, R., Kum, M.E.: Corporate foresight and its impact on firm performance: a longitudinal analysis. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 129(April), 105–116 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.12.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, N.L., Muirhead, R.: A Lot of People are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2019)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosling, H., Rosling, O., Rosling Rönnlund, A.: Factfulness: Ten Reasons We’re Wrong About The World—And Why Things Are Better Than You Think. Sceptre, London (2019). https://archive.org/stream/FactfulnessByHansRosling/Factfulness%20by%20Hans%20Rosling_djvu.txt. Accessed 11 May 2019

  • Rushdie, S.: Midnight’s Children: A Novel. Everyman’s Library, New York (1995). (Original work published 1981)

  • Sands, P.: East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartre, J.-P.: L’Imagination [Imagination] (Paperback). Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartre, J.-P.: Nausea (R. Baldick, Trans.). Penguin, London (2000). (Original work published 1938 under the French title of “La Nausée”)

  • Sartre, J.-P.: The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination (J. Webber, Trans., A. Elkaïm-Sartre, Ed., Paperback). Routledge New York (2010). (Original work published 1940 under the French title of “L’Imaginaire”)

  • Scheler, M.: Die Stellung des Menschen im Kosmos. Hofenberg, Berlin (2016). (Original work published 1928). English translation: Scheler, M.: The Human Place in the Cosmos (M. S. Frings, Trans.). Northwestern University Press, Evanston (2009)

  • Scriven, M.: Explanation and prediction in evolutionary theory. Science 130(3374), 477–482 (1959)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J.R.: Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language (Paperback). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1969)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J.R.: Intentionality. An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shakespeare, W.: Macbeth. Wordsworth, London (1992). (Original work written 1623)

  • Shakespeare, W.: King Lear. Wordsworth, London (1994). (Original work written 1607-8)

  • Shalizi, C.: The bootstrap. Am. Sci. 98(3), 186–190 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1511/2010.84.186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, M.: Frankenstein: The 1818 Text. Penguin Books, New York (2018). (Original work published 1818)

  • Shiller, R.J.: Narrative economics. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University. Discussion Paper no. 2069, 129th annual meeting of the American Economic Association, 7 January 2017, Chicago (2017). https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d20/d2069.pdf. Accessed 24 Sept 2019

  • Shklovsky, V.: Theory of Prose (B. Sher, Trans.). Dalkey Archive Press, Champaign (1990)

  • Spark, M.: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Penguin Books, London (2000). (Original work published 1961)

  • Spence, D.P.: Narrative Truth and Historical Truth. Meaning and Interpretation in Psychoanalysis. W. W. Norton, New York (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, D.P.: Narrative smoothing and clinical wisdom. In: Sarbin, T.R. (ed.) Narrative Psychology. The Storied Nature of Human Conduct (Hardcover), pp. 211–232. Praeger, New York (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamper, K.: Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries. Pantheon Books, New York (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, B.: Islands in the Net (Paperback). Ace Books, New York (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, W.: Collected Poetry and Prose (F. Kermode, J. Richardson, Eds.). Library of America, New York (1997)

  • Stevens, W.: Opus Posthumous: Poems, Plays, Prose (M. J. Bates, Ed.). Vintage, New York (1990). (Original work published 1957)

  • Stevens, W.: The figure of the youth as virile poet. The Sewanee Rev. 52(4), 508–529 (1944). Reprinted in Stevens’ “Collected Poetry and Prose” (1997, pp. 666–685)

  • Stone, P.J., Dunphy, D.C., Smith, M.S., Ogilvie, D.M.: The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Strapparava, C., Valitutti, A.: WordNet-Affect: An affective extension of WordNet. In: 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2004), Lisbon, Jan 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254746105_WordNet-Affect_an_Affective_Extension_of_WordNet. Accessed 21 May 2018

  • Sweezy, P.M.: The Present as History: Essays and Reviews on Capitalism and Socialism. Monthly Review Press, New York (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F.: The Berlin wall: 13 August 1961–9 November 1989. Bloomsbury Publishing, London (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P.E.: Expert Political Judgment How Good Is It? How Can We Know?. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffler, A., Toffler, H.: Revolutionary Wealth: How It Will Be Created and How It Will Change Our Lives. Doubleday, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tóibín, C.: The Empty Family. Viking, London (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 185(4157), 1124–1131 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Advances in prospect theory: cumulative representation of uncertainty. J. Risk Uncertain. 5, 297–323 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Meurs, W., de Bruin, R., van de Grift, L., Hoetink, C., van Leeuwen, K., Reijnen, C.: The Unfinished History of European Integration (J. Eyck, Trans., Paperback). Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam (2018). (Original work published 2013 under the Dutch title “Europa in Alle Staten”, Vantilt, Nijmegen)

  • Vargas Llosa, M.: La libertad y los árabes. El País, p. 14 (2011). http://www.elpais.com/articulo/opinion/libertad/arabes/elpepuopi/20110213elpepiopi_13/Tes. Accessed 27 Jan 2020

  • Verne, J.: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Wordsworth, London (1992). (Original work published 1869–1870 under the French title of “Vingt Mille Lieues Sous les Mers”)

  • von Goethe, J.W.: ‘Faust’: The First Part of the Tragedy (John R. Williams, Trans.). Wordsworth, London (1999). (Original work published 1808)

  • Vonnegut, K.: Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children’s Crusade. A Duty-dance with Death. Dell Publishing, New York (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H.H.: The Chinese dream: The Rise of the World’s Largest Middle Class and What It Means to You. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Charleston (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R.: New ends for old: Frank Kermode’s the sense of an ending. Crit. Q. 16(4), 311–324 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1974.tb01534.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, A.N.: Adventures of Ideas (Paperback). The Free Press, New York (1967). (Original work published 1933). https://ia601602.us.archive.org/17/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.506439/2015.506439.adventures-_text.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2020

  • Whittle, P.: Uncertainty, intuition, and expectation. In: Whittle, P. (ed.) Probability via Expectation, pp. 1–12. Springer, New York (2000)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T.D., Centerbar, D.B., Kermer, D.A., Gilbert, D.T.: The pleasures of uncertainty: prolonging positive moods in ways people do not anticipate. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88(1), 5–21 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimsatt, W.K.J., Beardsley, M.C.: The intentional fallacy. Sewanee Rev. 54(3), 468–488 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L.: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (D. F. Pears, B. F. McGuinness, Trans.). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1974)

  • Wood, M.: We do it all the time: Empson’s intentions. Lond. Rev. Books 38(3), 7–9 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, M.: The man without predicates. Lond. Rev. Books 22(14), 11–13 (2000). (A review of Goethe: The Poet and the Age. Volume II: Revolution and Renunciation, 1790-1803 by Nicholas Boyle, 2000). https://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n14/michael-wood/the-man-without-predicates. Accessed 11 Sept 2019

  • Wood, M.: What is concrete? Lond. Rev. Books 37(5), 19-21 (2015). (A review of Erich Auerbach’s Time, History and Literature: Selected Essays, 2013). https://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n05/michael-wood/what-is-concrete. Accessed 20 Mar 2019

  • Woods, W.C.: A new field’: a note on ‘the Dharma Bums. Rev. Contemp. Fict. 3(2), 7–14 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaden, D.B., Eichstaedt, J.C., Schwartz, H.A., Kern, M.L., Le Nguyen, K.D., Wintering, N.A., Hood Jr., R.W., Newberg, A.B.: The language of ineffability: linguistic analysis of mystical experiences. Psychol. Rel. Spirit. 8(3), 244–252 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, X.: Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers (Hardcover). Princeton University Press, Princeton (2019)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X.L.: Viewing the advantages and disadvantages of modern democratic political system from the political philosophy system of Confucianism in China. Qual. Quant. 53(6), 3023–3032 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00915-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yardeni, E.: Predicting the Markets: A Professional Autobiography (Hardcover). YRI Press, Brookville (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamyatin, Y.: We (C. Brown, Trans.). Penguin Classics, New York (1993). (Original work published 1920 under the Russian title Mы)

  • Zieliński, A.M.: The Bilderberg conferences: a transnational informal governance network. In: Salas-Porras, A., Murray, G. (eds.) Think Tanks and Global Politics: Key Spaces in the Structure of Power, pp. 107–132. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2017)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zuboff, S.: The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Public Affairs, New York (2019)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work owes much to Frank Kermode’s (1919–2010) areté on time in stories. And to Wallace Stevens’ (1879–1955) essays on imagination. Their effort inspirited us to fit foresight and imagination in texts. Much is owed also to Dr. Saif M. Mohammad and Dr. Peter D. Turney (Ottawa, Nat. Res. Counc. Can.) for the EmoLex database accessible for noncommercial use. Special thanks to Dr. Laura A. Cariola (U. Edinburgh), Dr. Frank Pollick (U. Edinburgh), and Dr. Dean P. McKenzie (Monash U., Melbourne) for their timely and attentive comments on the manuscript and proof-reading, and for their privy support, to Fr. Emmanuel Misselyn, s.j. (Brussels), Dr. Rauf Garagozov (previously Cent. Strateg. Stud., Baku), and Dr. Viktor Nemchinov (Inst. Orient. Stud., Russ. Acad. Sci, Moscow). We appreciate the reviewers’ suggestions (for example, on the role of intuition in foreseeing). These people did not play any part in planning or executing this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emeritus, Institute of Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place du Cardinal Mercier 10, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Robert Hogenraad

Authors
  1. Robert Hogenraad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Hogenraad.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

This study did not depend on any private or public grant, think tank, forum or foundation. We report no conflict of interest relevant to this study nor suspicion of dual use and misuse (ALLEA 2017).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendices

Appendix 1: corpus of validation

Appendix 2: corpus—power elite’s speeches

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hogenraad, R. The way of visionaries: foresight and imagination, computed. Qual Quant 55, 1631–1660 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01071-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01071-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation