Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Psychosis Symptom Trajectories Across Childhood and Adolescence in Three Longitudinal Studies: An Integrative Data Analysis with Mixture Modeling

  • Published:
Prevention Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are common throughout childhood, and the presence of these experiences is a significant risk factor for poor mental health later in development. Given the association of PLEs with a broad number of mental health diagnoses, these experiences serve as an important malleable target for early preventive interventions. However, little is known about these experiences across childhood. While these experiences may be common, longitudinal measurement in non-clinical settings is not. Therefore, in order to explore longitudinal trajectories of PLEs in childhood, we harmonized three school-based randomized control trials with longitudinal follow-up to identify heterogeneity in trajectories of these experiences. In an integrative data analysis (IDA) using growth mixture modeling, we identified three latent trajectory classes. One trajectory class was characterized by persistent PLEs, one was characterized by high initial probabilities but improving across the analytic period, and one was characterized by no reports of PLEs. Compared to the class without PLEs, those in the improving class were more likely to be male and have higher levels of aggressive and disruptive behavior at baseline. In addition to the substantive impact this work has on PLE research, we also discuss the methodological innovation as it relates to IDA. This IDA demonstrates the complexity of pooling data across multiple studies to estimate longitudinal mixture models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data will be made available through the National Institutes of Mental Health Data archive at the completion of the grant period

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Ruffle, T. M. (2000). The child behavior checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in Review, 21(2), 265–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Addington, J., Stowkowy, J., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., Bearden, C. E., Mathalon, D. H., Santesteban-Echarri, O., & Woods, S. W. (2019). Clinical and functional characteristics of youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis who do not transition to psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 49(10), 1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., & Wolf, M. M. (1969). Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1969.2-119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009). Psychometric approaches for developing commensurate measures across independent studies: Traditional and new models. Psychological Methods, 14(2), 101–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015583

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B. S. (1971). The affective concequences of mastery learning (in J. Block (Ed.)). Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

  • Brincks, A., Montag, S., Howe, G. W., Huang, S., Siddique, J., Ahn, S., Sandler, I. N., Pantin, H., & Brown, C. H. (2018). Addressing methodologic challenges and minimizing threats to validity in synthesizing findings from individual-level data across longitudinal randomized trials. Prevention Science, 19(S1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0769-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. H., Brincks, A., Huang, S., Perrino, T., Cruden, G., Pantin, H., Howe, G., Young, J. F., Beardslee, W., Montag, S., & Sandler, I. (2018). Two-year impact of prevention programs on adolescent depression: An integrative data analysis approach. Prevention Science, 19(S1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0737-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Merikangas, K. R., Burstein, M., Satterthwaite, T. D., Bilker, W. B., Ruparel, K., Chiavacci, R., Wolf, D. H., Mentch, F., Qiu, H., Connolly, J. J., Sleiman, P. A., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2014). The psychosis spectrum in a young U.S. community sample: Findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20152

  • Catalan, A., Salazar de Pablo, G., Vaquerizo Serrano, J., Mosillo, P., Baldwin, H., Fernández-Rivas, A., Moreno, C., Arango, C., Correll, C. U., Bonoldi, I., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2021). Annual research review: Prevention of psychosis in adolescents – systematic review and meta-analysis of advances in detection, prognosis and intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(5), 657–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, P. (2003). The oregon multidimensional treatment foster care model: Features, outcomes, and progress in dissemination. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(03)80048-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlson, F. J., Baxter, A. J., Dua, T., Degenhardt, L., Whiteford, H. A., & Vos, T. (2015). Excess mortality from mental, neurological and substance use disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796014000687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charlson, F. J., Ferrari, A. J., Santomauro, D. F., Diminic, S., Stockings, E., Scott, J. G., McGrath, J. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2018). Global epidemiology and burden of schizophrenia: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(6), 1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby058

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2019). The fast track program for children at risk: Preventing antisocial behavior. Guilford Press.

  • Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Pawar, A., Krivko, A., Bonetto, C., Ruggeri, M., Craig, T. J., Nordentoft, M., Srihari, V. H., Guloksuz, S., Hui, C. L. M., Chen, E. Y. H., Valencia, M., Juarez, F., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Brunette, M. F., Mueser, K. T., Rosenheck, R. A., & Kane, J. M. (2018). Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 555. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, P. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009). Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets. Psychological Methods, 14(2), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015914

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, P. J., McGinley, J. S., Bauer, D. J., Hussong, A. M., Burns, A., Chassin, L., Sher, K., & Zucker, R. (2014). A moderated nonlinear factor model for the development of commensurate measures in integrative data analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 49(3), 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.889594

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, L. J., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Rebok, G. W., Mayer, L. S., Laudolff, J., Turkkan, J. S., Ford, C., & Wheeler, L. (1993). The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14(3), 317–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(93)90013-L

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., Reid, J. B., & Fetrow, R. A. (2000). An elementary school-based prevention program targeting modifiable antecedents of youth delinquency and violence: Linking the interests of families and teachers (LIFT). Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660000800304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., Reid, J. B., Stoolmiller, M., & Fetrow, R. A. (2003). Outcomes during middle school for an elementary school-based preventive intervention for conduct problems: Follow-up results from a randomized trial. Behavior Therapy, 34(4), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(03)80034-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, C., & Bandalos, D. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Bechdolf, A., Addington, J., Riecher-Rössler, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., Keshavan, M., Wood, S., Ruhrmann, S., Seidman, L. J., Valmaggia, L., Cannon, T., Velthorst, E., De Haan, L., Cornblatt, B., Bonoldi, I., Birchwood, M., McGlashan, T., Carpenter, W., & Yung, A. (2013). The psychosis high-risk state: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.269

  • Gibbons, R. D., Brown, C. H., Hur, K., Davis, J. M., & Mann, J. J. (2012a). Suicidal Thoughts and behavior with antidepressant treatment: Reanalysis of the randomized placebo-controlled studies of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, R. D., Hur, K., Brown, C. H., Davis, J. M., & Mann, J. J. (2012b). Benefits From antidepressants: Synthesis of 6-week patient-level outcomes from double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6). https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2044

  • Giocondo, J. G., Salum, G. A., Gadelha, A., Argolo, F. C., Simioni, A. R., Mari, J. J., Miguel, E. C., Bressan, R. A., Rohde, L. A., & Pan, P. M. (2021). Psychotic-like experiences and common mental disorders in childhood and adolescence: Bidirectional and transdiagnostic associations in a longitudinal community-based study. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open, 2(1), sgab028. https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab028

  • Godwin, J. W., Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Crowley, D. M., Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Lochman, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2020). The Fast Track intervention’s impact on behaviors of despair in adolescence and young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(50), Article 50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016234117

  • Goulter, N., McMahon, R. J., Dodge, K. A., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2019). Does the fast track intervention prevent later psychosis symptoms. Prevention Science, 20, 255–1264.

  • Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen, M. S. S., Bijl, R. V., Vollebergh, W., & Van Os, J. (2003). Self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: A valid screening tool for DSM-III-R psychotic disorders? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107(5), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00058.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harley, M., Kelleher, I., Clarke, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Connor, D., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2010). Cannabis use and childhood trauma interact additively to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1627–1634. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, C., Brannigan, R., Dooley, N., Coughlan, H., Clarke, M., Kelleher, I., & Cannon, M. (2019). Childhood and adolescent psychotic experiences and risk of mental disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(10), 1589–1599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaaskelainen, E., Juola, P., Hirvonen, N., McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Isohanni, M., Veijola, J., & Miettunen, J. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(6), 1296–1306. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Poduska, J. M., Ialongo, N. S., Wang, W., Toyinbo, P., Petras, H., Ford, C., Windham, A., & Wilcox, H. C. (2008). Effects of a universal classroom behavior management program in first and second grades on young adult behavioral, psychiatric, and social outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(1), S5–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kellam, S. G., Wang, W., Mackenzie, A. C. L., Brown, C. H., Ompad, D. C., Or, F., Ialongo, N. S., Poduska, J. M., & Windham, A. (2014). The impact of the good behavior game, a universal classroom-based preventive intervention in first and second grades, on high-risk sexual behaviors and drug abuse and dependence disorders into young adulthood. Prevention Science, 15(S1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0296-z

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kelleher, I., Connor, D., Clarke, M. C., Devlin, N., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2012). Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1857–1863. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002960

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kırlı, U., Binbay, T., Drukker, M., Elbi, H., Kayahan, B., Keskin Gökçelli, D., Özkınay, F., Onay, H., Alptekin, K., & van Os, J. (2019). DSM outcomes of psychotic experiences and associated risk factors: 6-year follow-up study in a community-based sample. Psychological Medicine, 49(08), 1346–1356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001964

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kush, J. M., Masyn, K. E., Amin-Esmaeili, M., Susukida, R., Wilcox, H. C., & Musci, R. J. (2023). Utilizing moderated non-linear factor analysis models for integrative data analysis: A tutorial. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 30(1), 149–164.

  • Lancefield, K. S., Raudino, A., Downs, J. M., & Laurens, K. R. (2016). Trajectories of childhood internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence: A prospective population-based cohort study. Development and Psychopathology, 28(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415001108

  • Laurens, K., Hodgins, S., Maughan, B., Murray, R., Rutter, M., & Taylor, E. (2007). Community screening for psychotic-like experiences and other putative antecedents of schizophrenia in children aged 9–12 years. Schizophrenia Research, 90(1–3), 130–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, M., Manninen, M., Kalska, H., Mustonen, U., Laajasalo, T., Moilanen, K., Huttunen, M., Cannon, T. D., Suvisaari, J., & Therman, S. (2014). Predicting psychosis in a general adolescent psychiatric sample. Schizophrenia Research, 158(1–3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, C. J., Castellanos-Ryan, N., & Conrod, P. J. (2011). Developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences across adolescence: Impact of victimization and substance use. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 47–58. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000449

  • Matheson, S. L., Laurie, M., & Laurens, K. R. (2022). Substance use and psychotic-like experiences in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722003440

  • McGinty, J., & Upthegrove, R. (2020). Depressive symptoms during first episode psychosis and functional outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 218, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miklowitz, D. J., O’Brien, M. P., Schlosser, D. A., Addington, J., Candan, K. A., Marshall, C., Domingues, I., Walsh, B. C., Zinberg, J. L., De Silva, S. D., Friedman-Yakoobian, M., & Cannon, T. D. (2014). Family-focused treatment for adolescents and young adults at high risk for psychosis: Results of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(8), 848–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. P., French, P., Stewart, S. L. K., Birchwood, M., Fowler, D., Gumley, A. I., Jones, P. B., Bentall, R. P., Lewis, S. W., Murray, G. K., Patterson, P., Brunet, K., Conroy, J., Parker, S., Reilly, T., Byrne, R., Davies, L. M., & Dunn, G. (2012). Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: Multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 344(apr05 1), e2233–e2233. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2233

  • Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2015). Growth mixture modeling with non-normal distributions: B. Muthén AND T. Asparouhov. Statistics in Medicine, 34(6), 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6388

  • Muthen, B., & Muthen, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 882–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x

  • Muthen, B., Brown, C. H., Masyn, K. E., Jo, B., Khoo, S. T., Yang, C. C., Wang, C. P., Kellam, S., Carlin, J. B., & Liao, J. (2002). General growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions. Biostatistics, 3(4), 459–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/3.4.459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L.K. & Muthén, B.O. (1998–2017). Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén

  • Newcomer, A. R., Roth, K. B., Kellam, S. G., Wang, W., Ialongo, N. S., Hart, S. R., Wagner, B. M., & Wilcox, H. C. (2016). Higher childhood peer reports of social preference mediates the impact of the good behavior game on suicide attempt. Prevention Science, 17(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0593-4

  • Penttilä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., Hirvonen, N., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2014). Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(2), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, R., Van Ryzin, M. J., Harold, G. T., Chamberlain, P., Fowler, D., Cannon, M., Arseneault, L., & Leve, L. D. (2014). Effects of multidimensional treatment foster care on psychotic symptoms in girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Lutter, F., Renner, F., Paruch, J., Julkowski, D., Klosterkötter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2014). Self-Reported psychotic-like experiences are a poor estimate of clinician-rated attenuated and frank delusions and hallucinations. Psychopathology, 47(3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sicotte, R., Iyer, S. N., Kiepura, B., & Abdel-Baki, A. (2021). A systematic review of longitudinal studies of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in first-episode psychosis: Course and associated factors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(12), 2117–2154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02153-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddique, J., Reiter, J. P., Brincks, A., Gibbons, R. D., Crespi, C. M., & Brown, C. H. (2015). Multiple imputation for harmonizing longitudinal non-commensurate measures in individual participant data meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 34(26), 3399–3414. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6562

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • StataCorp. (2019). Stata Statistical Software: Release 16 (Version 16) [StataCorp LLC.].

  • Thapar, A., Heron, J., Jones, R. B., Owen, M. J., Lewis, G., & Zammit, S. (2012). Trajectories of change in self-reported psychotic-like experiences in childhood and adolescence. Schizophrenia Research, 140(1–3), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Therman, S., Lindgren, M., Manninen, M., Loewy, R. L., Huttunen, M. O., Cannon, T. D., & Suvisaari, J. (2014). Predicting psychosis and psychiatric hospital care among adolescent psychiatric patients with the Prodromal Questionnaire. Schizophrenia Research, 158(1–3), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Too, L. S., Spittal, M. J., Bugeja, L., Reifels, L., Butterworth, P., & Pirkis, J. (2019). The association between mental disorders and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.054

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Rossum, I., Dominguez, M., & -d.-G., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2011). Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: A 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(3), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varghese, D., Scott, J., Welham, J., Bor, W., Najman, J., O’Callaghan, M., Williams, G., & McGrath, J. (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in major depression and anxiety disorders: A population-based survey in young adults. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 389–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effect of first‐grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19(4), 585–602.

  • Wilcox, H. C., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Poduska, J. M., Ialongo, N. S., Wang, W., & Anthony, J. C. (2008). The impact of two universal randomized first- and second-grade classroom interventions on young adult suicide ideation and attempts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.005

  • Wyman, P. A. (2014). Developmental approach to prevent adolescent suicides. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3), S251–S256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.039

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, K., Lång, U., Cederlöf, M., Boland, F., Taylor, P., Cannon, M., McNicholas, F., DeVylder, J., & Kelleher, I. (2019). Association of psychotic experiences with subsequent risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal population studies. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(2), 180. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the collaboration of the Durham Public Schools, the Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, the Bellefonte Area Schools, the Tyrone Area Schools, the Mifflin County Schools, the Highline Public Schools, and the Seattle Public Schools. We appreciate the hard work and dedication of the many staff members who implemented the project, collected the evaluation data, and assisted with data management and analyses.

the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG)

The members of the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG) are, in alphabetical order, Karen L. Bierman (Pennsylvania State University); John D. Coie (Duke University); D. Max Crowley (Pennsylvania State University); Kenneth A. Dodge (Duke University); Mark T. Greenberg (Pennsylvania State University); John E. Lochman (University of Alabama); Robert J. McMahon (Simon Fraser University and the B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute); and Ellen E. Pinderhughes (Tufts University).

Funding

The Fast Track project has been supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grants R18 MH48043, R18 MH50951, R18 MH50952, R18 MH50953, R01 MH062988, R01 MH117559, K05 MH00797, and K05 MH01027; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Grants R01 DA016903, R01 DA036523, R01 DA11301, K05 DA15226, RC1 DA028248, and P30 DA023026; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Grant R01 HD093651; and Department of Education Grant S184U30002. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention also provided support through a memorandum of agreement with the NIMH. Additional support for this study was provided by a B. C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute Investigator Grant Award and a Canada Foundation for Innovation award (to Robert J. McMahon). This study was supported by R01MH122214.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Room 331, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Rashelle J. Musci, Joseph M. Kush, Masoumeh Amin Esmaeili, Ryoko Susukida, Nicholas S. Ialongo & Holly C. Wilcox

  2. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public, Health George State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Katherine E. Masyn

  3. Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University and B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Burnaby, BC, Canada

    Natalie Goulter & Robert McMahon

  4. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    J. Mark Eddy

  5. School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Patrick Tolan

  6. Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Jennifer Godwin

Authors
  1. Rashelle J. Musci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joseph M. Kush
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Katherine E. Masyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Masoumeh Amin Esmaeili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ryoko Susukida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Natalie Goulter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Robert McMahon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. Mark Eddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nicholas S. Ialongo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Patrick Tolan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jennifer Godwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Holly C. Wilcox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group6

  • Karen L. Bierman
  • , John D. Coie
  • , D. Max Crowley
  • , Kenneth A. Dodge
  • , Mark T. Greenberg
  • , John E. Lochman
  • , Robert J. McMahon
  •  & Ellen E. Pinderhughes

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rashelle J. Musci.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in the current study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health IRB.

Conflict of Interest

Drs. Bierman, Coie, Dodge, Greenberg, Lochman, McMahon, and Pinderhughes are the principal investigators on the Fast Track Project and have a publishing agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. Royalties from that agreement are donated to a professional organization. They are also authors of the PATHS curriculum and donate all royalties from Channing-Bete, Inc. to a professional organization. Dr. Greenberg is a developer of the PATHS curriculum and has a separate royalty agreement with PATHS Program LLC. Bierman, Coie, Dodge, Greenberg, Lochman, and McMahon are the developers of the Fast Track curriculum and have a publishing and royalty agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. McMahon is a coauthor of Helping the Noncompliant Child and has a royalty agreement with Guilford Publications, Inc. Dr. Crowley has no conflicts.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 13 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Musci, R.J., Kush, J.M., Masyn, K.E. et al. Psychosis Symptom Trajectories Across Childhood and Adolescence in Three Longitudinal Studies: An Integrative Data Analysis with Mixture Modeling. Prev Sci 24, 1636–1647 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01581-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01581-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation