Abstract
Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) have been used to estimate leaf area and optimise the site-specific management in vineyards. The tree area index (TAI) is a parameter that can be obtained from TLS measurements and has been highly successful in predicting the leaf area index (LAI) in vineyards using linear regression models. However, there are concerns about the possible variation of the models according to the row side on which the scan is performed. A field trial was performed in a North–South oriented vineyard using a tractor-mounted LiDAR system to determine the influence of this operational factor. Four vineyard blocks were scanned from both sides and then defoliated to obtain the real LAI values for 1 m row length sections. Specifically, LAI values were obtained considering the total canopy width and, after separation of the leaves of the right and left sides, LAI values of half canopy were also calculated. To estimate the LAI from the TAI, dummy-variable regression models were used which showed no differences with respect to the scanned side of the canopy. Two consequences are immediate. First, TLS made it possible the LAI mapping of two different rows by scanning from the alley-way with an appropriate laser scanner. Secondly, the same model can be used to estimate the LAI of half canopy (right or left) in operations that require going through all inter-rows (e.g., when applying plant protection products in a vineyard to estimate the vegetation exposed to the sprayer).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnó, J., Escolà, A., Vallès, J. M., Llorens, J., Sanz, R., Masip, J., et al. (2013). Leaf area index estimation in vineyards using a ground-based LiDAR scanner. Precision Agriculture, 14, 290–306.
Drissi, R., Goutouly, J. P., Forget, D., & Gaudillère, J. P. (2009). Nondestructive measurement of grapevine leaf area by ground Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Agronomy Journal, 101(1), 226–231.
Gil, E., Escolà, A., Rosell, J. R., Planas, S., & Val, L. (2007). Variable rate application of plant protection products in vineyard using ultrasonic sensors. Crop Protection, 26(8), 1287–1297.
Goutouly, J. P., Drissi, R., Forget, D., & Gaudillère, J. P. (2006). Characterization of vine vigour by ground based NDVI measurements. In Proceedings of the VI International Terroir Congress (pp. 237-241). Bordeaux: France.
Johnson, L. F., & Pierce, L. L. (2004). Indirect measurements of leaf area index in California north coast vineyards. HortScience, 39(2), 236–238.
Johnson, L. F., Roczen, D. E., Youkhana, S. K., Nemani, R. R., & Bosch, D. F. (2003). Mapping vineyard leaf area with multispectral satellite imagery. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 38(1), 33–44.
Jonckheere, I., Fleck, S., Nackaerts, K., Muys, B., Coppin, P., Weiss, M., et al. (2004). Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination: Part I. Theories, sensors, and hemispherical photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121(1–2), 19–35.
Lee, K. H., & Ehsani, R. (2009). A laser scanner based measurement system for quantification of citrus tree geometric characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 25(5), 777–788.
Llorens, J., Gil, E., Llop, J., & Escolà, A. (2011). Ultrasonic and LIDAR sensors for electronic canopy characterization in vineyards: Advances to improve pesticide application methods. Sensors, 11(2), 2177–2194.
López-Lozano, R., Baret, F., García de Cortázar-Atauri, I., Bertrand, N., & Casterad, M. A. (2009). Optimal geometric configuration and algorithms for LAI indirect estimates under row canopies: The case of vineyards. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(8), 1307–1316.
Mazzetto, F., Calcante, A., Mena, A., & Vercesi, A. (2010). Integration of optical and analogue sensors for monitoring canopy health and vigour in precision agriculture. Precision Agriculture, 11(6), 636–649.
Meier, U. (2001). Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH Monograph (2nd ed., p. 158). Berlin: Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry.
Rosell, J. R., Sanz, R., Llorens, J., Arnó, J., Escolà, A., Ribes-Dasi, M., et al. (2009). A tractor-mounted scanning LiDAR for the non-destructive measurement of vegetative volume and surface area of tree-row plantations: A comparison with conventional destructive measurements. Biosystems Engineering, 102(2), 128–134.
Sanz, R., Llorens, J., Escolà, A., Arnó, J., Ribes-Dasi, M., Masip, J., et al. (2011). Innovative LiDAR 3D dynamic measurement system to estimate fruit–tree leaf area. Sensors, 11(6), 5769–5791.
Stamatiadis, S., Taskos, D., Tsadila, E., Christofides, C., Tsadilas, C., & Schepers, J. S. (2010). Comparison of passive and active canopy sensors for the estimation of vine biomass production. Precision Agriculture, 11(3), 306–315.
Walklate, P. J., Cross, J. V., Richardson, G. M., Murray, R. A., & Baker, D. E. (2002). Comparison of different spray volume deposition models using LIDAR measurements of apple orchards. Biosystems Engineering, 82(3), 253–267.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge funding from the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (OPTIDOSA research project, AGL2007-66093-C04-03). Codorníu collaboration allowing the use of their vineyards in Raimat is also greatly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arnó, J., Escolà, A., Masip, J. et al. Influence of the scanned side of the row in terrestrial laser sensor applications in vineyards: practical consequences. Precision Agric 16, 119–128 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-014-9364-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-014-9364-7