Abstract
The decision on how best to allocate land around transit stations is a debated topic, with transit officials often opting for park-and-ride lots over active uses such as multifamily housing, office, and retail organized into transit-oriented developments (TODs). In this study, we identify the ten best self-contained TODs in ten regions across United States based on seven criteria: dense, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly, adjacent to transit, built after transit, fully developed, and with self-contained parking. We measure trip and parking generation at one of these TODs, the Redmond TOD in the Seattle region, as a pilot study, using an onsite count and intercept survey. The results show that the Redmond TOD has 1.7 times more trips made by walking and 3 times more trips made by transit than Seattle’s regional average. The actual vehicle trips we observed are only 37 % of the Institute of Transportation Engineers’ (ITE) expected value. The actual residential peak period parking demand is only 65 % of the ITE’s peak demand, and the actual commercial peak period parking demand is only 27 % of the ITE’s peak demand. Additionally, the peak period of transit parking was daytime, while the peak periods of commercial and residential were evening and nighttime. There is a real opportunity for sharing parking spaces among these different uses, something which is not realized at present.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Note that for up to 4 h—7:30 to 9:30 am, and 6:00 to 8:00 pm—a single surveyor positioned at the southwest corner of the building was tasked with both counting and intercept surveying of people entering and exiting the Veloce Building. This surveyor was responsible for observing people entering/exiting the little used South entrance, as well as counting and surveying people on the driveway to/from the parking garage.
References
Arrington, G.B., Cervero, R.: Effects of TOD on Housing, Parking, and Travel (TCRP Report 128). Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (2008)
Calthorpe, P.: The next American metropolis: ecology, community, and the American dream. Princeton Architectural Press, New York (1993)
Cervero, R.: Transit-based housing in California: evidence on ridership impacts. Transp. Policy 1(3), 174–183 (1994)
Cervero, R., Adkins, A., Sullivan, C.: Are suburban TODs over-parked? J. Public Transp. 13(2), 3 (2010)
Cervero, R., Arrington, G.B.: Vehicle trip reduction impacts of transit-oriented housing. J. Public Transp. 11(3), 1 (2008)
Cervero, R., Landis, J.: Twenty years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system: land use and development impacts. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 31(4), 309–333 (1997)
Cervero, R., Murphy, S., Ferrell, C., Goguts, N., Tsai, Y.: Transit-oriented development in the United States: experiences, challenges, and prospects (Report No. 102). Transit Cooperative Research Program, Washington, DC (2004)
Chatman, D.G.: Does TOD need the T? On the importance of factors other than rail access. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 79(1), 17–31 (2013)
Edgar, S., Carr, C.R., Connors, M., Counts, D., Morrison, C., Priebe, J.: Best practices for addressing access and parking needs of nonresident users of rail and intermodal transportation stations in transit-oriented developments (No. NCHRP Project 20-68A, Scan 10-02). http://www.domesticscan.org/wp-content/uploads/NCHRP20-68A_10-02.pdf (2013). Accessed 23 June 2015
Faghri, A., Venigalla, M.: Measuring travel behavior and transit trip generation characteristics of transit-oriented developments. Transp. Res. Rec. 2397, 72–79 (2013)
Guo, Z.: Does residential parking supply affect household car ownership? The case of New York City. J. Transp. Geogr. 26, 18–28 (2013)
Handy, S., Shafizadeh, K., Schneider, R.: California smart-growth trip generation rates study. University of California, Davis for the California Department of Transportation. http://nacto.org/docs/usdg/smart_growth_trip_generation_rates_handy.pdf (2013). Accessed 23 June 2015
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE): Parking Generation, 4th edn. ITE, Washington, DC (2010)
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE): Trip Generation Handbook, 2nd edn. ITE, Washington, DC (2004)
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE): Trip Generation Manual, 9th edn. ITE, Washington, DC (2012)
Knepper, V.: Parking structure. MTC’s VPP Parking Project. http://parkingpolicy.com/parking-structures/(2015). Accessed 1 Mar 2016
Lund, H.M., Cervero, R., Wilson, R.W.: Travel Characteristics of Transit-Oriented Development in California. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA (2004)
Lund, H.M., Willson, R., Cervero, R.: A re-evaluation of travel behavior in California TODs. J. Archit. Plan. Res. 23(3), 247–263 (2006)
Martin, P., Hurrell, W.: Station parking and transit-oriented design: transit perspective. Transp. Res. Rec. 2276, 110–115 (2012)
Millard-Ball, A.: Phantom trips: overestimating the traffic impacts of new development. J. Transp. Land Use 8(1), 31–49 (2015)
Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC): PSRC’S 2014 Regional travel study: key comparisons of 1999, 2006, and 2014 travel survey findings. http://www.psrc.org/assets/12548/RegionalTravelSurveysComparison.pdf (2015). Accessed 23 June 2015
Reconnecting America: Briefing Report Number 3: Case studies for transit oriented development. Prepared for Local Initiatives Support Corporation Phoenix. http://www.instituteccd.org/uploads/iccd/documents/phoenix_3_tod.pdf (2009). Accessed 23 June 2015
Rowe, D., Bae, C.H., Shen, Q.: Evaluating the impact of transit service on parking demand and requirements. Transp. Res. Rec. 2245, 56–62 (2011)
San Francisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission (SFBAMTC): Characteristics of rail and ferry station area residents in San Francisco Bay Area. http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/smart_growth/stars/Executive_Summary_BATS2000_Station_Area_Residents_Study.pdf (2006). Accessed 23 June 2015
Serafin, E., Swierk, R., Smith, Y., Meek, J.: A parking utilization survey of transit-oriented development residential properties in Santa Clara County. http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/VTA-TODParkingSurveyReport-VolI.pdf (2010). Accessed 1 Mar 2016
Shoup, D.C.: Truth in transportation planning. University of California Transportation Center. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/999346pn#page-1 (2003). Accessed 24 Feb 2016
Tian, G., Ewing, R., White, A., Hamidi, S., Walters, J., Goates, J.P., Joyce, A.: Traffic generated by mixed-use developments—13-region study using consistent built environment measures. Transp. Res. Rec. 2500, 116–124 (2015)
Weinberger, R.: Death by a thousand curb-cuts: evidence on the effect of minimum parking requirements on the choice to drive. Transp. Policy 20, 93–102 (2012)
Weinberger, R., Dock, S., Cohen, L., Rogers, J., Henson, J.: Predicting travel impacts of new development in America’s major cities: testing alternative trip generation models. In: Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting (No. 15-4800) (2015)
Weinberger, R., Seaman, M., Johnson, C.: Residential off-street parking impacts on car ownership, vehicle miles traveled, and related carbon emissions: New York City case study. Transp. Res. Rec. 2118, 24–30 (2009)
Willson, R.: Parking policy for transit-oriented development: lessons for cities, transit agencies, and developers. J. Public Transp. 8(5), 5 (2005)
Willson, R., Menotti, V.: Commuter parking versus transit-oriented development: evaluation methodology. Transp. Res. Rec. 2021, 118–125 (2007)
Zamir, K., Nasri, A., Baghaei, B., Mahapatra, S., Zhang, L.: Effects of transit-oriented development on trip generation, distribution, and mode share in Washington, DC, and Baltimore, Maryland. Transp. Res. Rec. 2413, 45–53 (2014)
Acknowledgments
This study was funded with a grant from the National Institute for Transportation and Communities (NITC), a federally-funded University Transportation Center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, G., Ewing, R., Weinberger, R. et al. Trip and parking generation at transit-oriented developments: a case study of Redmond TOD, Seattle region. Transportation 44, 1235–1254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9702-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9702-x