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Flooding and prolonged drought have differential legacy impacts on soil nitrogen cycling, microbial communities and plant productivity

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Abstract

Background and aims

Extreme climate events, including flooding and prolonged drought, may establish long-lasting (legacy) effects on soil abiotic and biotic properties, potentially influencing soil N-cycling, microbial communities, and plant productivity. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer often stimulates plant growth, but it remains unknown whether N addition can alleviate the impact of legacy drought or waterlogging events on crops. Our aim was to assess the interactive effects of legacy extreme climate events and N-addition on these processes.

Methods

Using cotton as a model system, soils previously exposed to waterlogging and prolonged drought were used to examine potential legacy impacts of extreme climate on soil N process rates, abundance and structure of associated microbial communities, and cotton growth and productivity under different levels of N fertilizer application (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N/ha).

Results

The deleterious legacy effects of prolonged drought on plant productivity were due to negative impacts on microbial abundance and community structure, and soil nutrient availability, thereby negatively influencing the rate of nitrification, and consequently plant available N. The legacy impacts of prolonged drought persisted throughout the experiment despite fertiliser applications of up to 300 kg of N/ha. The only observed legacy impacts of waterlogging were low NO3− levels in soils without N-addition and shifts in the abundance and structure of the N2O-reducing community.

Conclusions

There were strong legacy impacts of prolonged drought, but minor legacy impacts of waterlogging, on soils and crop yields which could not be fully counteracted by the high rates of N fertilizer application. This study provides critical knowledge contributing to the development of adaptation and soil N management strategies to minimize the loss of farm productivity, within the context of increased frequencies and intensities of extreme weather events.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Michael Braunack at CSIRO Agriculture for his help in soil collection from Narrabri, NSW. We also thank Renee Smith at WSU for her technical support for the glasshouse experiment. Thanks to Dr. Hangwei Hu at the University of Melbourne, for providing supportive materials for TRFLP analysis and to Dr. Jasmine Grinyer (WSU) for extensive editing. This work was financially supported by Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment and Western Sydney University as a part funding to Cotton Research and Development Corporation project (UWS1301). BKS work is also supported by Australian Research Council (DP170104634).

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  1. Yui Osanai

    Present address: School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia

    Linh T. T. Nguyen, Yui Osanai, Ian C. Anderson, David T. Tissue & Brajesh K. Singh

  2. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Australian Cotton Research Institute, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia

    Michael P. Bange

  3. Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia

    Brajesh K. Singh

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Nguyen, L.T.T., Osanai, Y., Anderson, I.C. et al. Flooding and prolonged drought have differential legacy impacts on soil nitrogen cycling, microbial communities and plant productivity. Plant Soil 431, 371–387 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3774-7

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