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Transcriptomic analysis of the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in response to salt treatment and osmotic stress

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Abstract

Background and aims

Accumulating a great quantity of Na+, maintaining the stability of the concentration of important nutrition elements, increasing the activities of enzymes related to ROS-scavenging are crucial strategies for the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum surviving under adverse saline and drought environments; besides, actively regulating the photosynthesis is also a main reason for Z. xanthoxylum to adapt to mild salt conditions. However, the possible molecular basis of above physiological mechanisms is poorly understood.

Methods

By performing Illumina sequencing combined with a digital gene expression profiling technique, differentially expressed genes in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl and −0.5 MPa osmotic stress for 6 and 24 h were identified, respectively, mainly focused on genes related to ion transport, ROS-scavenging system and photosynthesis.

Results

Under 50 mM NaCl and −0.5 MPa osmotic stress, the transcripts of genes encoding transporters/channels for Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, nitrogen, phosphate and important micro-elements significantly increased, which is conducive to enhance the uptake and transport of nutrient elements in Z. xanthoxylum; and more importantly, besides Na+, genes related to vacuolar compartmentalization of K+, Ca2+, NO3 − in leaves plays vital roles in the adaptation to mild salt condition. Meanwhile, NaCl treatment and osmotic stress significantly increased the transcripts of a number of genes related to ROS-scavenging system, which is beneficial to accelerate the ROS-scavenging under 50 mM NaCl and mitigate the damage of ROS to cell biomembrane system under osmotic stress. In addition, in contrast to osmotic stress, 50 mM NaCl significantly induced the expression of genes encoding proteins participated in photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation, while inhibited the expression of genes related to chlorophyll catabolism.

Conclusions

The present study identified potential genes underling the principal physiological mechanisms of salt and drought tolerance in Z. xanthoxylum. The results provided abundant genetic resources from desert xerophyte for genetic improvement of stress-resistance of important forage and crop species in arid area.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, grant No. 2014CB138701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 31501994, 31470503 and 31222053), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (grant No. 20130211130001), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2015-41).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People’s Republic of China

    Qing Ma, Ai-Ke Bao, Wei-Wei Chai, Wen-Ying Wang, Jin-Lin Zhang, Yi-Xiao Li & Suo-Min Wang

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Correspondence to Suo-Min Wang.

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Supplementary Fig. S1

Length distribution of assembled all-Unigenes. (DOC 697 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S2

GO classification of assembled all-Unigenes. Total 43972 unigenes were assigned to at least one GO term and were grouped into 3 main GO categories and 45 sub-categories. Right Y-axis represents number of genes in a category. Left Y-axis indicates percentage of a specific category of genes in each main category. (DOC 700 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S3

COG function classification of assembled all-Unigenes. Total 26376 putative proteins showing significant homology to those in COG database were functionally classified into 25 molecular families. Y-axis indicates number of unigenes in a specific functional cluster. (DOC 700 kb)

Supplementary Table S1

Output statistics of sequencing. Total clean nucleotides is total number of clean nucleotides. Q20 percentage is proportion of nucleotides with quality value larger than 20 in reads; N percentage is proportion of unknown nucleotides in clean reads. GC percentage is proportion of guanidine and cytosine nucleotides among total nucleotides. (DOC 689 kb)

Supplementary Table S2

Summary of sequence annotation. (DOC 689 kb)

Supplementary Table S3

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ion transport in roots of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl for 6 h. CR6 indicates roots of plants treated as control for 6 h, SR6 indicates roots of plants treated by 50 mM NaCl for 6 h, “Fold change” equals to log2(TPM-SR6/TPM-CR6). (DOC 696 kb)

Supplementary Table S4

DEGs related to ion transport in roots of Z. xanthoxylum under −0.5 MPa osmotic stress for 6 h. CR6 indicates roots of plants treated as control for 6 h, DR6 indicates roots of plants treated by −0.5MPa osmotic stress for 6 h, “Fold change” equals to log2(TPM-DR6/TPM-CR6). (DOC 696 kb)

Supplementary Table S5

DEGs related to ion transport in leaves of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl for 24 h. CL24 indicates leaves of plants treated as control for 24 h, SL24 indicates leaves of plants treated by 50 mM NaCl for 24 h, “Fold change” equals to log2 (TPM-SL24/TPM-CL24). (DOC 688 kb)

Supplementary Table S6

The up-regulated DEGs related to ion transport in leaves of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl and −0.5 MPa osmotic stress for 24 h. (DOC 696 kb)

Supplementary Table S7

DEGs related to ROS-scavenging system in roots of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl for 6 h. CR6 indicates roots of plants treated as control for 6 h, SR6 indicates roots of plants treated by 50 mM NaCl for 6 h, “Fold change” equals to log2 (TPM-SR6/TPM-CR6). (DOC 693 kb)

Supplementary Table S8

DEGs related to ROS-scavenging system in roots of Z. xanthoxylum under −0.5 MPa osmotic stress for 6 h. CR6 indicates roots of plants treated as control for 6 h, DR6 indicates roots of plants treated by −0.5 MPa osmotic stress for 6 h, “Fold change” equals to log2(TPM-DR6/TPM-CR6). (DOC 696 kb)

Supplementary Table S9

DEGs related to photosynthesis in leaves of Z. xanthoxylum under 50 mM NaCl for 24 h. CL24 indicates leaves of plants treated as control for 24 h, SL24 indicates leaves of plants treated by 50 mM NaCl for 24 h, “Fold change” equals to log2 (TPM-SL24/TPM-CL24). (DOC 696 kb)

Supplementary Table S10

Expression pattern validation of selected genes under 50 mM NaCl by qPCR. The values are fold change of the expression level of each gene. Results in pPCR column represent mean standard deviations (±SD) of three experimental replicates. (DOC 692 kb)

Supplementary Table S11

Expression pattern validation of selected genes under −0.5 MPa osmotic stress by qPCR. The values are fold change of the expression level of each gene. Results in qPCR column represent mean standard deviations (±SD) of three experimental replicates. (DOC 688 kb)

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Ma, Q., Bao, AK., Chai, WW. et al. Transcriptomic analysis of the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in response to salt treatment and osmotic stress. Plant Soil 402, 343–361 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2809-1

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