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TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity

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Abstract

Key message

This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff.

Abstract

Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABI3:

ABA INSENSITIVE 3

AFB:

AUXIN SIGNALING F‐BOX

ARF:

Auxin response factor

AUX/IAA:

Auxin/ indole-3-acetic acid

BAK1:

BRI1- ASSOCIATED KINASE 1

BES1:

BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1

BR:

Brassinosteroid

BRC1:

BRANCHED 1

BRI1 :

BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1

BRD:

B3 repression domain

BZR1:

BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1

CAMTA:

Calmodulin binding Transcription Activator

COI1:

CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1

CPR1:

CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1

CPR5:

CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PR GENES 5

CRA domain:

CT11-RanBPM domain

CTLH:

C-terminal to LisH

DAMP:

Danger-associated molecular pattern

DCL:

DICER-Like

DND1/2:

DEFENSE NO DEATH 1 /2

EAR:

ERF associated amphiphilic repression

EDS1:

Enhanced disease susceptibility1

ERF:

Ethylene response factor

ET:

Ethylene

ETI:

Effector-triggered immunity

ETS:

Effector-triggered susceptibility

GA:

Gibberellic acid

GAF1:

GAI-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GID1:

GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1

HDA19:

Histone deacetylase 19

Hpa:

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis

HR:

Hypersensitive response

IAA:

Indole-3 acetic acid

JA:

Jasmonic acid

JAZ:

Jasmonate ZIM-domain

Jsi1:

Jasmonate/ethylene inducer1

LisH domain:

Lissencephaly homologue domain

MAMP:

Microbe-associated molecular pattern

NAA:

Naphthalene 1-acetic acid

NINJA:

Novel interactor of JAZ

NLR:

Nucleotide binding-Leu-rich repeat

NLS:

Nuclear Localization signal

NBS-LRR:

Nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat

PAD4:

Phytoalexin deficient 4

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PAP1:

PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1

PQR:

Proline and glutamine rich

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

PTI:

Pattern-triggered immunity

RAV1:

Related to ABI3/VP1-1

RD:

Repression domain

RDR6:

RNA dependent RNA polymerase 6

RISC:

RNA-induced silencing complex

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

SAR:

Systemic acquired resistance

SIZ1:

SAP and MIZ1 DOMAIN CONTAINING LIGASE1

SKP1:

SKP1-CULLIN1-F-box

SL:

Strigolactone

SMXL:

SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2-LIKE

SNC1:

Suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1

SUMO:

Small Ubiquitin like modifier

TEM1:

TEMPRANILLO1

TCP1:

TCP DOMAIN PROTEIN 1

TET 9:

TETRASPANIN9

TF:

Transcription factor

TIR1:

TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1

TPD:

TOPLESS domain

TPL:

TOPLESS-like

TPR:

Topless related

VRN:

VERNALIZATION

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Acknowledgements

RS is a recipient of the CSIR fellowship. Lab of AKN is supported with CSIR (No. 38(1515)/21-EMR-II) and SERB (File No. CRG/2020/000587) Grant.

Funding

RS is a recipient of the CSIR fellowship. Lab of AKN is supported with CSIR (No. 38(1515)/21-EMR-II) and SERB (File No. CRG/2020/000587) Grant.

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  1. 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Reena Saini & Ashis Kumar Nandi

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  1. Reena Saini
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  2. Ashis Kumar Nandi
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RS wrote the draft and made diagrams. AKN modified the draft, which was approved by both the authors.

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Correspondence to Ashis Kumar Nandi.

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Saini, R., Nandi, A.K. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. Plant Mol Biol 109, 1–12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9

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