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Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy roots

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Abstract

The phytohormone ethylene (ET) is a crucial signaling molecule that induces the biosynthesis of shikonin and its derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon shoot cultures. However, the molecular mechanism and the positive regulators involved in this physiological process are largely unknown. In this study, the function of LeACS-1, a key gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase for ET biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots, was characterized by using overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) strategies. The results showed that overexpression of LeACS-1 significantly increased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production, consistent with the up-regulated genes involved in ET biosynthesis and transduction, as well as the genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. Conversely, RNAi of LeACS-1 effectively decreased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production and down-regulated the expression level of above genes. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive linear relationship between ET concentration and shikonin production. All these results suggest that LeACS-1 acts as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots. Our work not only gives new insights into the understanding of the relationship between ET and shikonin biosynthesis, but also provides an efficient genetic engineering target gene for secondary metabolite production in non-model plant L. erythrorhizon.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31071082, 31170275, 31171161, and 31470384), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT_14R27), the Project of New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-11-0234), and the fund for University Ph.D. Program from the Ministry of Education of China (20120091110037).

Author contribution

J. Qi, G. Lu, and Y. Yang designed research; R. Fang, F. Wu, A. Zou, Y. Zhu, H. Zhao, H. Zhao, and Y. Liao performed research; R. Fang, R.-J. Tang, T. Yang, Y. Pang, X. Wang, R. Yang, J. Qi, G. Lu, and Y. Yang analyzed data; R. Fang, J. Qi, G. Lu, and Y. Yang wrote the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China

    Rongjun Fang, Fengyao Wu, Ailan Zou, Yu Zhu, Hua Zhao, Hu Zhao, Yonghui Liao, Yanjun Pang, Xiaoming Wang, Rongwu Yang, Jinliang Qi, Guihua Lu & Yonghua Yang

  2. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People’s Republic of China

    Rongjun Fang & Tongyi Yang

  3. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China

    Rongjun Fang, Fengyao Wu, Ailan Zou, Yu Zhu, Hua Zhao, Hu Zhao, Yonghui Liao, Yanjun Pang, Xiaoming Wang, Rongwu Yang, Jinliang Qi, Guihua Lu & Yonghua Yang

  4. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Ren-Jie Tang & Jinliang Qi

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  1. Rongjun Fang
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  2. Fengyao Wu
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Fang, R., Wu, F., Zou, A. et al. Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy roots. Plant Mol Biol 90, 345–358 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0421-z

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