Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Combination Cancer Immunotherapy with Dendritic Cell Vaccine and Nanoparticles Loaded with Interleukin-15 and Anti-beta-catenin siRNA Significantly Inhibits Cancer Growth and Induces Anti-Tumor Immune Response

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Pharmaceutical Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article was retracted on 07 December 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

Purpose

The invention and application of new immunotherapeutic methods can compensate for the inefficiency of conventional cancer treatment approaches, partly due to the inhibitory microenvironment of the tumor. In this study, we tried to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce anti-tumor immune responses by silencing the expression of the β-catenin in the tumor microenvironment and transmitting interleukin (IL)-15 cytokine to provide optimal conditions for the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine.

Methods

For this purpose, we used folic acid (FA)-conjugated SPION-carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) chitosan (C) nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver anti-β-catenin siRNA and IL-15 to cancer cells.

Results

The results showed that the codelivery of β-catenin siRNA and IL-15 significantly reduced the growth of cancer cells and increased the immune response. The treatment also considerably stimulated the performance of the DC vaccine in triggering anti-tumor immunity, which inhibited tumor development and increased survival in mice in two different cancer models.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the use of new nanocarriers such as SPION-C-CMD-FA could be an effective way to use as a novel combination therapy consisting of β-catenin siRNA, IL-15, and DC vaccine to treat cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Change history

References

  1. Takebe N, Miele L, Harris PJ, Jeong W, Bando H, Kahn M, Yang SX, Ivy SP. Targeting notch, hedgehog, and Wnt pathways in cancer stem cells: clinical update. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(8):445–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490(7418):61–70.

  3. Hajizadeh F, Okoye I, Esmaily M, Ghasemi Chaleshtari M, Masjedi A, Azizi G, Irandoust M, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Hypoxia inducible factors in the tumor microenvironment as therapeutic targets of cancer stem cells. Life Sci. 2019;237:116952.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ganesh S, Shui X, Craig KP, Park J, Wang W, Brown BD, Abrams MT. RNAi-mediated β-catenin inhibition promotes T cell infiltration and antitumor activity in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. Mol Ther. 2018;26(11):2567–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Verma UN, Surabhi RM, Schmaltieg A, Becerra C, Gaynor RB. Small interfering RNAs directed against β-catenin inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(4):1291–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lyou Y, Habowski AN, Chen GT, Waterman ML. Inhibition of nuclear Wnt signalling: challenges of an elusive target for cancer therapy. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(24):4589–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Vasir JK, Labhasetwar V. Targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2005;4(4):363–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Baudino TA. Targeted cancer therapy: the next generation of cancer treatment. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2015;12(1):3–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. K.C. RB, Thapa B, Valencia-Serna J, Aliabadi HM, Uludağ H. Nucleic acid combinations: a new frontier for cancer treatment. J Control Release. 2017;256:153–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Li J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Oupický D. Recent advances in delivery of drug–nucleic acid combinations for cancer treatment. J Control Release. 2013;172(2):589–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Xu C-F, Wang J. Delivery systems for siRNA drug development in cancer therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2015;10(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Joshi N, Hajizadeh F, Ansari Dezfouli E, Zekiy AO, Nabi Afjadi M, Mousavi SM, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Karpisheh V, Mahmoodpoor A, Hassannia H, Dolati S, Mohammadi H, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Silencing STAT3 enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to doxorubicin and inhibits tumor progression. Life Sci. 2021;275:119369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Allahyari SE, Hajizadeh F, Zekiy AO, Mansouri N, Gilan PS, Mousavi SM, Masjedi A, Hassannia H, Ahmadi M, Mohammadi H, Yousefi M, Izadi S, Zolbanin NM, Jafari R, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Simultaneous inhibition of CD73 and IL-6 molecules by siRNA-loaded nanoparticles prevents the growth and spread of cancer. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2021;34:102384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Budi HS, Izadi S, Timoshin A, Asl SH, Beyzai B, Ghaderpour A, Alian F, Eshaghi FS, Mousavi SM, Rafiee B, Nikkhoo A, Ahmadi A, Hassannia H, Ahmadi M, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Blockade of HIF-1α and STAT3 by hyaluronate-conjugated TAT-chitosan-SPION nanoparticles loaded with siRNA molecules prevents tumor growth. Nanomed: Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2021;34:102373.

  15. Ma H, Liu Y, Shi M, Shao X, Zhong W, Liao W, Xing MMQ. Theranostic, pH-responsive, doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles inducing active targeting and apoptosis for advanced gastric cancer. Biomacromolecules. 2015;16(12):4022–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Salimi M, Sarkar S, Hashemi M, Saber R. Treatment of Breast Cancer-Bearing BALB/c Mice with Magnetic Hyperthermia using Dendrimer Functionalized Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020;10(11).

  17. Luo X, Peng X, Hou J, Wu S, Shen J, Wang L. Folic acid-functionalized polyethylenimine superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as theranostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging and PD-L1 siRNA delivery for gastric cancer. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:5331–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kamalzare S, Noormohammadi Z, Rahimi P, Atyabi F, Irani S, Tekie FSM, Mottaghitalab F. Carboxymethyl dextran-trimethyl chitosan coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: an effective siRNA delivery system for HIV-1 Nef. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(11):20554–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):265–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Anguille S, Lion E, van den Bergh J, van Acker HH, Willemen Y, Smits EL, van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15 dendritic cells as vaccine candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(9):1956–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Waldmann TA. The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015;3(3):219–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ranson T, Vosshenrich CAJ, Corcuff E, Richard O, Müller W, di Santo JP. IL-15 is an essential mediator of peripheral NK-cell homeostasis. Blood. 2003;101(12):4887–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Islam MS, Haque P, Rashid TU, Khan MN, Mallik AK, Khan MNI, Khan M, Rahman MM. Core–shell drug carrier from folate conjugated chitosan obtained from prawn shell for targeted doxorubicin delivery. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2017;28(4):55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Alzamely KO, et al. Combined inhibition of CD73 and ZEB1 by Arg-Gly-asp (RGD)-targeted nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2020;197:111421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Karpisheh V, Fakkari Afjadi J, Nabi Afjadi M, Haeri MS, Abdpoor Sough TS, Heydarzadeh Asl S, Edalati M, Atyabi F, Masjedi A, Hajizadeh F, Izadi S, Mirzazadeh Tekie FS, Hajiramezanali M, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Inhibition of HIF-1α/EP4 axis by hyaluronate-trimethyl chitosan-SPION nanoparticles markedly suppresses the growth and development of cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;167:1006–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Izadi S, Moslehi A, Kheiry H, Karoon Kiani F, Ahmadi A, Masjedi A, Ghani S, Rafiee B, Karpisheh V, Hajizadeh F, Atyabi F, Assali A, Mirzazadeh tekie FS, Namdar A, Ghalamfarsa G, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Codelivery of HIF-1α siRNA and dinaciclib by carboxylated graphene oxide-trimethyl chitosan-hyaluronate nanoparticles significantly suppresses cancer cell progression. Pharm Res. 2020;37(10):1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hallaj S, Heydarzadeh Asl S, Alian F, Farshid S, Eshaghi FS, Namdar A, Atyabi F, Masjedi A, Hallaj T, Ghorbani A, Ghalamfarsa G, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Inhibition of CD73 using folate targeted nanoparticles carrying anti-CD73 siRNA potentiates anticancer efficacy of Dinaciclib. Life Sci. 2020;259:118150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bastaki S, Aravindhan S, Ahmadpour Saheb N, Afsari Kashani M, Evgenievich Dorofeev A, Karoon Kiani F, Jahandideh H, Beigi Dargani F, Aksoun M, Nikkhoo A, Masjedi A, Mahmoodpoor A, Ahmadi M, Dolati S, Namvar Aghdash S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Codelivery of STAT3 and PD-L1 siRNA by hyaluronate-TAT trimethyl/thiolated chitosan nanoparticles suppresses cancer progression in tumor-bearing mice. Life Sci. 2020;266:118847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ghalamfarsa G, Rastegari A, Atyabi F, Hassannia H, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghanbari A, Anvari E, Mohammadi J, Azizi G, Masjedi A, Yousefi M, Yousefi B, Hadjati J, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Anti-angiogenic effects of CD73-specific siRNA-loaded nanoparticles in breast cancer-bearing mice. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(10):7165–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Masjedi A, Ahmadi A, Ghani S, Malakotikhah F, Nabi Afjadi M, Irandoust M, Karoon Kiani F, Heydarzadeh Asl S, Atyabi F, Hassannia H, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Namdar A, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Silencing adenosine A2a receptor enhances dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Nanomed: Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2020;29:102240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jadidi-Niaragh F, Atyabi F, Rastegari A, Kheshtchin N, Arab S, Hassannia H, Ajami M, Mirsanei Z, Habibi S, Masoumi F, Noorbakhsh F, Shokri F, Hadjati J. CD73 specific siRNA loaded chitosan lactate nanoparticles potentiate the antitumor effect of a dendritic cell vaccine in 4T1 breast cancer bearing mice. J Control Release. 2017;246:46–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Juliá EP, Mordoh J, Levy EM. Cetuximab and IL-15 promote NK and dendritic cell activation in vitro in triple negative breast Cancer. Cells. 2020;9(7):1573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ochoa MC, Fioravanti J, Rodriguez I, Hervas-Stubbs S, Azpilikueta A, Mazzolini G, Gúrpide A, Prieto J, Pardo J, Berraondo P, Melero I. Antitumor immunotherapeutic and toxic properties of an HDL-conjugated chimeric IL-15 fusion protein. Cancer Res. 2013;73(1):139–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kishida T, Asada H, Itokawa Y, Cui FD, Shin-Ya M, Gojo S, Yasutomi K, Ueda Y, Yamagishi H, Imanishi J, Mazda O. Interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-15 genetic transfer synergistically augments therapeutic antitumor immunity and promotes regression of metastatic lymphoma. Mol Ther. 2003;8(4):552–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Waldmann TA, Dubois S, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. IL-15 in the combination immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol. 2020;11.

  36. Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Regulatory T-cell as orchestra leader in immunosuppression process of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011;33(3):545–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hajizadeh F, Moghadaszadeh Ardebili S, Baghi Moornani M, Masjedi A, Atyabi F, Kiani M, Namdar A, Karpisheh V, Izadi S, Baradaran B, Azizi G, Ghalamfarsa G, Sabz G, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Silencing of HIF-1α/CD73 axis by siRNA-loaded TAT-chitosan-spion nanoparticles robustly blocks cancer cell progression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;882:173235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Izadi S, Moslehi A, Kheiry H, Karoon Kiani F, Ahmadi A, Masjedi A, Ghani S, Rafiee B, Karpisheh V, Hajizadeh F, Atyabi F, Assali A, Mirzazadeh tekie FS, Namdar A, Ghalamfarsa G, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Codelivery of HIF-1α siRNA and Dinaciclib by Carboxylated graphene oxide-Trimethyl chitosan-hyaluronate nanoparticles significantly suppresses Cancer cell progression. Pharm Res. 2020;37(10):196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Karpisheh V, Fakkari Afjadi J, Nabi Afjadi M, Haeri MS, Abdpoor Sough TS, Heydarzadeh Asl S, Edalati M, Atyabi F, Masjedi A, Hajizadeh F, Izadi S, Mirzazadeh Tekie FS, Hajiramezanali M, Sojoodi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Inhibition of HIF-1α/EP4 axis by hyaluronate-trimethyl chitosan-SPION nanoparticles markedly suppresses the growth and development of cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;167:1006–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yoo HS, Park TG. Folate receptor targeted biodegradable polymeric doxorubicin micelles. J Control Release. 2004;96(2):273–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang D, Fei F, Li S, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Qu J, Zhang X, Yin Y, Zhang S. The role of β-catenin in the initiation and metastasis of TA2 mice spontaneous breast cancer. J Cancer. 2017;8(11):2114–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Singh N, Jenkins GJS, Asadi R, Doak SH. Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Nano Rev. 2010;1(1):5358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Lapham A, Adams JE, Paterson A, Lee M, Brimmell M, Packham G. The Bcl-w promoter is activated by β-catenin/TCF4 in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Gene. 2009;432(1–2):112–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sinnberg T, Menzel M, Ewerth D, Sauer B, Schwarz M, Schaller M, Garbe C, Schittek B. β-Catenin signaling increases during melanoma progression and promotes tumor cell survival and chemoresistance. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Santana Carrero RM, Beceren-Braun F, Rivas SC, Hegde SM, Gangadharan A, Plote D, Pham G, Anthony SM, Schluns KS. IL-15 is a component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment promoting antitumor responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116(2):599–608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hassannia H, Ghasemi Chaleshtari M, Atyabi F, Nosouhian M, Masjedi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Namdar A, Azizi G, Mohammadi H, Ghalamfarsa G, Sabz G, Hasanzadeh S, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Blockage of immune checkpoint molecules increases T-cell priming potential of dendritic cell vaccine. Immunology. 2020;159(1):75–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Esmaily M, Masjedi A, Hallaj S, Nabi Afjadi M, Malakotikhah F, Ghani S, Ahmadi A, Sojoodi M, Hassannia H, Atyabi F, Namdar A, Azizi G, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Blockade of CTLA-4 increases anti-tumor response inducing potential of dendritic cell vaccine. J Control Release. 2020;326:63–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Marrero B, Shirley S, Heller R. Delivery of interleukin-15 to B16 melanoma by electroporation leads to tumor regression and long-term survival. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2014;13(6):551–60.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Suppression of tumor growth by intratumoral injection of short hairpin RNA-expressing plasmid DNA targeting β-catenin or hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. J Control Release. 2006;116(1):90–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Arozarena I, Bischof H, Gilby D, Belloni B, Dummer R, Wellbrock C. In melanoma, beta-catenin is a suppressor of invasion. Oncogene. 2011;30(45):4531–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yaguchi T, Goto Y, Kido K, Mochimaru H, Sakurai T, Tsukamoto N, Kudo-Saito C, Fujita T, Sumimoto H, Kawakami Y. Immune suppression and resistance mediated by constitutive activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma cells. J Immunol. 2012;189(5):2110–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yazdani Y, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Yousefi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Hasannia H, Sadreddini S, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in B cell malignancies. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(10):7339–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2015;523(7559):231–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tang F, Zhao L, Jiang Y, Ba D, Cui L, He W. Activity of recombinant human interleukin-15 against tumor recurrence and metastasis in mice. Cell Mol Immunol. 2008;5(3):189–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Dubsky P, Saito H, Leogier M, Dantin C, Connolly J E, Banchereau J, Palucka A K. IL-15-induced human DC efficiently prime melanoma-specific naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into CTL. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(6):1678–90.

  56. Ji L, Qian W, Gui L, Ji Z, Yin P, Lin GN, Wang Y, Ma B, Gao WQ. Blockade of β-catenin–induced CCL28 suppresses gastric Cancer progression via inhibition of Treg cell infiltration. Cancer Res. 2020;80(10):2004–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Feng M, Jin JQ, Xia L, Xiao T, Mei S, Wang X, Huang X, Chen J, Liu M, Chen C, Rafi S, Zhu AX, Feng YX, Zhu D. Pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin/BCL9 interaction overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockades by modulating Treg cells. Sci Adv. 2019;5(5):eaau5240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Armin Mahmoud Salehi Kheshti and Farnaz Hajizadeh contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Armin Mahmoud Salehi Kheshti, Asal Barshidi, Bentolhoda Rashidi, Simin Bahmanpour, Vahid Karpisheh, Fariba Karoon Kiani, Seyed Hossein Kiaie & Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh

  2. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farnaz Hajizadeh

  3. Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

    Farbod Ebrahimi

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

    Fatemeh Karimian Noukabadi

  5. Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Hadi Hassannia

  6. Nanotechnology Research Centre, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Atyabi

  7. Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6715847141, Iran

    Seyed Hossein Kiaie & Rafieh Bagherifar

  8. Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA

    Fatah Kashanchi

  9. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq

  10. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Hamed Mohammadi

  11. Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Reza Jafari

  12. Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Reza Jafari & Naime Majidi Zolbanin

  13. Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Naime Majidi Zolbanin

  14. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Naime Majidi Zolbanin

  15. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh

  16. Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh

Authors
  1. Armin Mahmoud Salehi Kheshti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Farnaz Hajizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Asal Barshidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bentolhoda Rashidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Farbod Ebrahimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Simin Bahmanpour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Vahid Karpisheh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fatemeh Karimian Noukabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Fariba Karoon Kiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hadi Hassannia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Fatemeh Atyabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Seyed Hossein Kiaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Fatah Kashanchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hamed Mohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Rafieh Bagherifar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Reza Jafari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Naime Majidi Zolbanin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Armin Mahmoud Salehi Kheshti: Conceptualization; Methodology; Data curation; Writing – review & editing. Farnaz Hajizadeh:Writing Original draft, Conceptualization; Methodology. Asal Barshidi: Methodology. Bentolhoda Rashidi: Methodology; Data curation. Farbod Ebrahimi: Methodology. Simin Bahmanpour: review & editing. Vahid Karpisheh: Methodology; Formal analysis. Fatemeh Karimian Noukabadi: review & editing. Fariba Karoon Kiani: review & editing. Hadi Hassannia: Methodology. Fatemeh Atyabi: Methodology. Seyed Hossein Kiaie: Methodology; Data curation. Fatah Kashanchi: review & editing. Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq: review & editing. Hamed Mohammadi: review & editing. Rafieh Bagherifar: review & editing. Reza Jafari: Methodology; Data curation. Naime Majidi Zolbanin: Conceptualization; Supervision; Writing–review &; editing; Correspondence. Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh: Conceptualization; Supervision; Writing–review & editing; Correspondence; Project administration.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Naime Majidi Zolbanin or Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Figure S1

Validation of FA-C-CMD-SPION NPs. While the NPs were about 161 nm in size with a PDI of about 0.37 (a), they showed a zeta potential of about 9.2 mV (b). FTIR spectra demonstrate the proper formation of NPs (c). NPs had a regular spherical shape as investigated by SEM microscopy (d). TEM(e). NPs (1 ml at a concentration of 5 mg /ml) showed a high capacity to contain siRNA molecules so that they could load up to 20 μg of siRNA (Lane 1: naked siRNA, Lane 2: 5 μg, Lane 3: 10 μg, Lane 4: 15 μg, Lane 5: 20 μg of siRNA) (f). Evaluation of the stability of NPs in the serum environment showed their high ability to preserve the loaded contents (g). The release pattern of siRNA and IL-15 cytokine from NPs at two different pH values was investigated by spectroscopy and BCA protein measurement kit, respectively (h). (Folate–chitosan conjugate and carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) coated the SPIONs core). (JPG 2114 kb)

ESM 1

(JPG 8169 kb)

ESM 2

(JPG 924 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kheshti, A.M.S., Hajizadeh, F., Barshidi, A. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Combination Cancer Immunotherapy with Dendritic Cell Vaccine and Nanoparticles Loaded with Interleukin-15 and Anti-beta-catenin siRNA Significantly Inhibits Cancer Growth and Induces Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Pharm Res 39, 353–367 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03169-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03169-2

KEY WORDS

Search

Navigation