Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to develop quantitative structure pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR) to correlate drug physicochemical properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity, and drug solubility), dose, salt form factor, and eye pigmentation factor to intravitreal half-life in the rabbit model.
Methods
Dataset derived from prior literature reports, which included molecules with complete structural diversity, was used to develop the QSPKR models. Entire dataset as well as subsets limited to albino rabbit data, pigmented rabbit data, acids, bases, zwitterions, neutral compounds, suspensions, and macromolecules were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with noncollinear independent variables and the best-fit models were selected based on correlation coefficients and goodness of fit statistics.
Results
The analysis indicated that logarithm of MW (Log MW), lipophilicity (Log P or Log D) and dose number (dose/solubility at pH 7.4), are the most critical determinants of intravitreal half-life of the compounds analyzed. The best-fit models obtained from the entire dataset (Log t 1/2 = −0.178 + 0.267 Log MW − 0.093 Log D + 0.003 dose/solubility at pH 7.4 + 0.153 Pigmentation Factor and Log t 1/2 = −0.32 + 0.432 Log MW − 0.157 Log P + 0.003 dose/solubility at pH 7.4) predicted the various subsets well. Pigmented dataset and zwitterions were better predicted by Log P rather than Log D.
Conclusions
The present study confirmed that intravitreal half-life could be better predicted by a group of variables (Log MW, Log P or Log D, dose number) rather than a single variable. In general, increasing Log MW and dose number, while reducing Log D or Log P would be beneficial for prolonging intravitreal half-life of drugs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. M. Hughes, O. Olejnik, J. E. Chang-Lin, and C. G. Wilson. Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57:2010–2032 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.addr.2005.09.004.
D. H. Geroski, and H. F. Edelhauser. Drug delivery for posterior segment eye disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41:961–964 (2000).
V. H. L. Lee, and K.-I. Hosoya. Retina. In C. P. Wilkinson (ed.), Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment. Vol. 3, C.V. Mosby, Los Angeles, 2001.
M. D. de Smet, C. J. Meenken, and G. J. van den Horn. Fomivirsen—a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide for the treatment of CMV retinitis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 7:189–198 (1999). doi:10.1076/ocii.7.3.189.4007.
R. M. Dafer, M. Schneck, T. R. Friberg, and W. M. Jay. Intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab: a review of risk. Semin. Ophtalmol. 22:201–204 (2007). doi:10.1080/08820530701543024.
T. Ghafourian, M. Barzegar-Jalali, S. Dastmalchi, T. Khavari-Khorasani, N. Hakimiha, and A. Nokhodchi. QSPR models for the prediction of apparent volume of distribution. Int. J. Pharm. 319:82–97 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.03.043.
T. Wajima, K. Fukumura, Y. Yano, and T. Oguma. Prediction of human clearance from animal data and molecular structural parameters using multivariate regression analysis. J. Pharm. Sci. 91:2489–2499 (2002). doi:10.1002/jps.10242.
A. Cheng, and K. M. Merz Jr. Prediction of aqueous solubility of a diverse set of compounds using quantitative structure–property relationships. J. Med. Chem. 46:3572–3580 (2003). doi:10.1021/jm020266b.
M. P. Gleeson. Plasma protein binding affinity and its relationship to molecular structure: an in-silico analysis. J. Med. Chem. 50:101–112 (2007). doi:10.1021/jm060981b.
R. D. Schoenwald, and H. S. Huang. Corneal penetration behavior of beta-blocking agents I: physiochemical factors. J. Pharm. Sci. 72:1266–1272 (1983). doi:10.1002/jps.2600721108.
F. Yoshida, and J. G. Topliss. Unified model for the corneal permeability of related and diverse compounds with respect to their physicochemical properties. J. Pharm. Sci. 85:819–823 (1996). doi:10.1021/js960076m.
M. R. Prausnitz, and J. S. Noonan. Permeability of cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva: a literature analysis for drug delivery to the eye. J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1479–188 (1998). doi:10.1021/js9802594.
Y. Li, J. Liu, D. Pan, and A. J. Hopfinger. A study of the relationship between cornea permeability and eye irritation using membrane-interaction QSAR analysis. Toxicol. Sci. 88:434–446 (2005). doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi319.
C. Chen, and J. Yang. MI-QSAR models for prediction of corneal permeability of organic compounds. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 27:193–204 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00241.x.
P. Saha, T. Uchiyama, K. J. Kim, and V. H. Lee. Permeability characteristics of primary cultured rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells to low molecular weight drugs. Curr. Eye Res. 15:1170–1174 (1996). doi:10.3109/02713689608995152.
Y. Horibe, K. Hosoya, K. J. Kim, T. Ogiso, and V. H. Lee. Polar solute transport across the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva: size dependence and the influence of 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Pharm. Res. 14:1246–1251 (1997). doi:10.1023/A:1012123411343.
L. Pitkanen, V. P. Ranta, H. Moilanen, and A. Urtti. Permeability of retinal pigment epithelium: effects of permeant molecular weight and lipophilicity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46:641–646 (2005). doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1051.
D. Maurice. Injection of Drugs into the vitreous body. In I. H. Leopold, and R. P. Burns (eds.), Symposium on Ocular Therapy, John Wiley, New York, 1976, pp. 59–72.
S. Mishima, and D. M. Maurice. Ocular pharmacokinetics. In M. L. Saers (ed.), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 59, Springer, Berlin, 1984, pp. 16–119.
A. Ohtori, and K. Tojo. In vivo/in vitro correlation of intravitreal delivery of drugs with the help of computer simulation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17:283–290 (1994).
S. Friedrich, Y. L. Cheng, and B. Saville. Finite element modeling of drug distribution in the vitreous humor of the rabbit eye. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 25:303–14 (1997). doi:10.1007/BF02648045.
P. J. Missel. Hydraulic flow and vascular clearance influences on intravitreal drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 19:1636–1647 (2002). doi:10.1023/A:1020940927675.
P. J. Missel. Finite and infinitesimal representations of the vasculature: ocular drug clearance by vascular and hydraulic effects. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 30:1128–1139 (2002). doi:10.1114/1.1521417.
J. Xu, J. J. Heys, V. H. Barocas, and T. W. Randolph. Permeability and diffusion in vitreous humor: implications for drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 17:664–669 (2000). doi:10.1023/A:1007517912927.
M. S. Stay, J. Xu, T. W. Randolph, and V. H. Barocas. Computer simulation of convective and diffusive transport of controlled-release drugs in the vitreous humor. Pharm. Res. 20:96–102 (2003). doi:10.1023/A:1022207026982.
W. Liu, Q. F. Liu, R. Perkins, G. Drusano, A. Louie, A. Madu, U. Mian, M. Mayers, and M. H. Miller. Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in the serum and vitreous humor of rabbits: physicochemical properties that regulate penetration of quinolone antimicrobials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:1417–1423 (1998).
C. S. Dias, and A. K. Mitra. Vitreal elimination kinetics of large molecular weight FITC-labeled dextrans in albino rabbits using a novel microsampling technique. J. Pharm. Sci. 89:572–578 (2000). doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6017(200005)89:5<572::AID-JPS2>3.0.CO;2-P.
D. Maurice. Review: practical issues in intravitreal drug delivery. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 17:393–401 (2001). doi:10.1089/108076801753162807.
B. H. Doft, J. Weiskopf, I. Nilsson-Ehle, and L. B. Wingard Jr. Amphotericin clearance in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes. Ophthalmology. 92:1601–1605 (1985).
L. B. Wingard Jr., J. J. Zuravleff, B. H. Doft, L. Berk, and J. Rinkoff. Intraocular distribution of intravitreally administered amphotericin B in normal and vitrectomized eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30:2184–2189 (1989).
H. S. Chin, T. S. Park, Y. S. Moon, and J. H. Oh. Difference in clearance of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide between vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. Retina. 25:556–560 (2005). doi:10.1097/00006982-200507000-00002.
G. N. Scholes, W. J. O’Brien, G. W. Abrams, and M. F. Kubicek. Clearance of triamcinolone from vitreous. Arch. Ophthalmol. 103:1567–1569 (1985).
J. Ambati, C. S. Canakis, J. W. Miller, E. S. Gragoudas, A. Edwards, D. J. Weissgold, I. Kim, F. C. Delori, and A. P. Adamis. Diffusion of high molecular weight compounds through sclera. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41:1181–1185 (2000).
A. C. Amrite, H. F. Edelhauser, and U. B. Kompella. Modeling of corneal and retinal pharmacokinetics after periocular drug administration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49:320–332 (2008). doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0593.
H. Atluri, and A. K. Mitra. Disposition of short-chain aliphatic alcohols in rabbit vitreous by ocular microdialysis. Exp. Eye Res. 76:315–320 (2003). doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00311-1.
P. M. Hughes, R. Krishnamoorthy, and A. K. Mitra. Vitreous disposition of two acycloguanosine antivirals in the albino and pigmented rabbit models: a novel ocular microdialysis technique. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 12:209–224 (1996).
G. Peyman, D. Sanders, and M. Goldberg. Advances in uveal surgery, vitreous surgery, and the treatment of edophthalmitis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1975.
H. J. Koh, L. Cheng, K. Bessho, T. R. Jones, M. C. Davidson, and W. R. Freeman. Intraocular properties of urokinase-derived antiangiogenic A6 peptide in rabbits. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 20:439–449 (2004).
A. G. Schenk, G. A. Peyman, and J. T. Paque. The intravitreal use of carbenicillin (Geopen) for treatment od pseudomonas endophthalmitis. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh). 52:707–717 (1974).
S. Macha, and A. K. Mitra. Ocular pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins using microdialysis. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 17:485–498 (2001). doi:10.1089/108076801753266866.
W. M. Jay, P. Fishman, M. Aziz, and R. K. Shockley. Intravitreal ceftazidime in a rabbit model: dose- and time-dependent toxicity and pharmacokinetic analysis. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 3:257–262 (1987).
R. K. Shockley, W. M. Jay, T. R. Friberg, A. M. Aziz, J. P. Rissing, and M. Z. Aziz. Intravitreal ceftriaxone in a rabbit model. Dose- and time-dependent toxic effects and pharmacokinetic analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 102:1236–1238 (1984).
K. C. Cundy, G. Lynch, J. P. Shaw, M. J. Hitchcock, and W. A. Lee. Distribution and metabolism of intravitreal cidofovir and cyclic HPMPC in rabbits. Curr. Eye Res. 15:569–576 (1996). doi:10.3109/02713689609000768.
M. Unal, G. A. Peyman, C. Liang, H. Hegazy, L. C. Molinari, J. Chen, S. Brun, and P. J. Tarcha. Ocular toxicity of intravitreal clarithromycin. Retina. 19:442–446 (1999). doi:10.1097/00006982-199909000-00013.
R. Fiscella, G. A. Peyman, and P. H. Fishman. Duration of therapeutic levels of intravitreally injected liposome-encapsulated clindamycin in the rabbit. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 22:307–309 (1987).
P. A. Pearson, G. J. Jaffe, D. F. Martin, G. J. Cordahi, H. Grossniklaus, E. T. Schmeisser, and P. Ashton. Evaluation of a delivery system providing long-term release of cyclosporine. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114:311–317 (1996).
H. I. Meisels, and G. A. Peyman. Intravitreal erythromycin in the treatment of induced staphylococcal endophthalmitis. Ann. Ophthalmol. 8:939–943 (1976).
S. K. Gupta, T. Velpandian, N. Dhingra, and J. Jaiswal. Intravitreal pharmacokinetics of plain and liposome-entrapped fluconazole in rabbit eyes. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 16:511–518 (2000).
B. S. Anand, H. Atluri, and A. K. Mitra. Validation of an ocular microdialysis technique in rabbits with permanently implanted vitreous probes: systemic and intravitreal pharmacokinetics of fluorescein. Int. J. Pharm. 281:79–88 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.05.028.
P. Berthe, C. Baudouin, R. Garraffo, P. Hofmann, A. M. Taburet, and P. Lapalus. Toxicologic and pharmacokinetic analysis of intravitreal injections of foscarnet, either alone or in combination with ganciclovir. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35:1038–1045 (1994).
S. Macha, and A. K. Mitra. Ocular disposition of ganciclovir and its monoester prodrugs following intravitreal administration using microdialysis. Drug Metab. Dispos. 30:670–675 (2002). doi:10.1124/dmd.30.6.670.
G. A. Peyman, D. R. May, E. S. Ericson, and D. Apple. Intraocular injection of gentamicin. Toxic effects of clearance. Arch. Ophthalmol. 92:42–47 (1974).
C. Solans, M. A. Bregante, M. A. Garcia, and S. Perez. Ocular penetration of grepafloxacin after intravitreal administration in albino and pigmented rabbits. Chemotherapy. 50:133–137 (2004). doi:10.1159/000077887.
J. M. Leeds, S. P. Henry, L. Truong, A. Zutshi, A. A. Levin, and D. Kornbrust. Pharmacokinetics of a potential human cytomegalovirus therapeutic, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, after intravitreal injection in the rabbit. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25:921–926 (1997).
A. G. Schenk, and G. A. Peyman. Lincomycin by direct intravitreal injection in the treatment of experimental bacterial endophthalmitis. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 190:281–291 (1974). doi:10.1007/BF00407889.
G. Velez, P. Yuan, C. Sung, G. Tansey, G. F. Reed, C. C. Chan, R. B. Nussenblatt, and M. R. Robinson. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal chemotherapy for primary intraocular lymphoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119:1518–1524 (2001).
N. H. Leeds, G. A. Peyman, and B. House. Moxalactam (Moxam) in the treatment of experimental staphylococcal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic. Surg. 13:653–656 (1982).
S. Duvvuri, M. D. Gandhi, and A. K. Mitra. Effect of P-glycoprotein on the ocular disposition of a model substrate, quinidine. Curr. Eye Res. 27:345–353 (2003). doi:10.1076/ceyr.27.6.345.18187.
H. Kim, K. G. Csaky, C. C. Chan, P. M. Bungay, R. J. Lutz, R. L. Dedrick, P. Yuan, J. Rosenberg, A. J. Grillo-Lopez, W. H. Wilson, and M. R. Robinson. The pharmacokinetics of rituximab following an intravitreal injection. Exp. Eye Res. 82:760–766 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.09.018.
E. K. Kim, and H. B. Kim. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected liposome-encapsulated tobramycin in normal rabbits. Yonsei Med. J. 31:308–314 (1990).
H. Kim, K. G. Csaky, L. Gravlin, P. Yuan, R. J. Lutz, P. M. Bungay, G. Tansey, D. E. F. Monasterio, G. K. Potti, G. Grimes, and M. R. Robinson. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide formulation for intravitreal administration. Retina. 26:523–530 (2006). doi:10.1097/00006982-200605000-00005.
M. P. Pang, R. V. Branchflower, A. T. Chang, G. A. Peyman, H. Blatt, and H. K. Minatoya. Half-life and vitreous clearance of trifluorothymidine after intravitreal injection in the rabbit eye. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 27:6–9 (1992).
M. A. Smith, J. A. Sorenson, C. Smith, M. Miller, and M. Borenstein. Effects of intravitreal dexamethasone on concentration of intravitreal vancomycin in experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1298–1302 (1991).
Y. C. Shen, M. Y. Wang, C. Y. Wang, T. C. Tsai, H. Y. Tsai, Y. F. Lee, and L. C. Wei. Clearance of intravitreal voriconazole. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48:2238–2241 (2007). doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1362.
D. S. Wishart, C. Knox, A. C. Guo, S. Shrivastava, M. Hassanali, P. Stothard, Z. Chang, and J. Woolsey. DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:D668–D672 (2006). doi:10.1093/nar/gkj067.
M. Barza, and M. McCue. Pharmacokinetics of aztreonam in rabbit eyes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 24:468–473 (1983).
S. J. Bakri, M. R. Snyder, J. M. Reid, J. S. Pulido, and R. J. Singh. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin). Ophthalmology. 114:855–859 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.017.
M. Barza, A. Kane, and J. Baum. The effects of infection and probenecid on the transport of carbenicillin from the rabbit vitreous humor. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22:720–726 (1982).
J. P. Fisher, S. E. Civiletto, and R. K. Forster. Toxicity, efficacy, and clearance of intravitreally injected of cefazolin. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100:650–652 (1982).
W. M. Jay, and R. K. Shockley. Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of cefepime (BMY-28142) following intravitreal injection in pigmented rabbit eyes. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 4:345–349 (1988).
M. Barza, E. Lynch, and J. L. Baum. Pharmacokinetics of newer cephalosporins after subconjunctival and intravitreal injection in rabbits. Arch. Ophthalmol. 111:121–125 (1993).
H. W. Kwak, and D. J. D’Amico. Evaluation of the retinal toxicity and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravitreal injection. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110:259–266 (1992).
S. Fauser, H. Kalbacher, N. Alteheld, K. Koizumi, T. U. Krohne, and A. M. Joussen. Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravitreally delivered etanercept. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 242:582–586 (2004). doi:10.1007/s00417-004-0895-x.
L. F. Lopez-Cortes, M. T. Pastor-Ramos, R. Ruiz-Valderas, E. Cordero, A. Uceda-Montanes, C. M. Claro-Cala, and M. J. Lucero-Munoz. Intravitreal pharmacokinetics and retinal concentrations of ganciclovir and foscarnet after intravitreal administration in rabbits. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:1024–1028 (2001).
A. Kane, M. Barza, and J. Baum. Intravitreal injection of gentamicin in rabbits. Effect of inflammation and pigmentation on half-life and ocular distribution. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20:593–597 (1981).
S. Perez, C. Solans, M. A. Bregante, I. Pinilla, M. A. Garcia, and F. Honrubia. Pharmacokinetics and ocular penetration of grepafloxacin in albino and pigmented rabbits. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:541–545 (2002). doi:10.1093/jac/dkf178.
J. C. Veltman, J. Podval, J. Mattern, K. L. Hall, R. J. Lambert, and H. F. Edelhauser. The disposition and bioavailability of 35S-GSH from 35S-GSSG in BSS PLUS in rabbit ocular tissues. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 20:256–268 (2004). doi:10.1089/1080768041223639.
M. N. Iyer, F. He, T. G. Wensel, W. F. Mieler, M. S. Benz, and E. R. Holz. Clearance of intravitreal moxifloxacin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47:317–319 (2006). doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1124.
R. M. Coco, M. I. Lopez, J. C. Pastor, and M. J. Nozal. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal vancomycin in normal and infected rabbit eyes. J. Ocular Pharmacol. Ther. 14:555–563 (1998).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA. The authors acknowledge Dr. Jane Meza (Biostatistics department of UNMC) for her critical review of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Durairaj, C., Shah, J.C., Senapati, S. et al. Prediction of Vitreal Half-Life Based on Drug Physicochemical Properties: Quantitative Structure–Pharmacokinetic Relationships (QSPKR). Pharm Res 26, 1236–1260 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9728-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9728-7