Skip to main content
Log in

Scaling of Carbon Steel in Simulated Reheat Furnace Atmospheres

  • Published:
Oxidation of Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A low carbon steel was exposed to a series of laboratory-simulated combustion gases at temperatures of 700--1200°C. The gases corresponded to the products of burning natural gas with amounts of air varying from 95% to 112% of air--fuel stoichiometric equivalence. At all temperatures, fast, parabolic scaling kinetics were observed in the 112% hyperstoichiometric environment, whereas linear kinetics were always found in a 99% air--fuel gas. At 1100°C, linear kinetics were found in 95%, 99% and 101% air--fuel gases, initial linear kinetics followed by a parabolic regime in 108% air--fuel gas, and simple parabolic kinetics in the 112% gas. At equilibrium, Fe3O4 would be stable in the 95%, 99% and 101% air--fuel gases; however, only FeO was formed during reaction. Also at equilibrium, Fe2O3 would be stable in the 112% and 108% gases, and this phase was found at the surface of scales grown in these gases. Mass transfer calculations show that molecular oxygen was not the principal reactant in any of these gases; instead CO2 and/or H2O were the important species. It is concluded that surface reactions control the linear scaling rates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Y. Suzuki, H. Takashima, and K. Yabuki, CAMP-ISIJ, 1, (397), 1488 (1988).

  • D. M. Obaro, Steel Reheat Furnace Proceedings, (CIM, Iron & Steel Society AIME, Materialia, 1992), pp. 268–276.

  • A. G. Goursat W. W. Smeltzer (1973) Review of High Temperature Materials 1 351

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Kofstad (1988) High Temperature Corrosion Elsevier London

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Pettit R. Yinger J. B. Wagner (1960) Acta Materialia 8 617

    Google Scholar 

  • W. W. Smeltzer (1960) Acta Materialia 8 377

    Google Scholar 

  • L. A. Morris W. W. Smeltzer (1967) Acta Materialia 15 1591

    Google Scholar 

  • H. J. Grabke (1965) Ber. Bunsenges 69 48

    Google Scholar 

  • E. T. Turkdogan W. M. McKewan L. Zwell (1965) Journal of Physical Chemistry 69 327

    Google Scholar 

  • C. W. Tuck M. Odgers K. Sachs (1969) Corrosion Science 9 271 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0010-938X(69)80056-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Kofstad R. Bredesen (1984) Proc. Int. Cong. Metall. Corros. NRCC Ottawa 12

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Rahmel (1965) Werkstoffe und Korrosion 16 662

    Google Scholar 

  • J. S. Sheasby W. E. Boggs E. T. Turkdogan (1984) Metal Science 18 127 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0036-9748(84)90489-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Japanese Patent No. 4-66615 (1992).

  • H. S. Hsu (1986) Oxidation of Metals 26 315 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00659339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameCSIRO (1988) ‘Thermochemistry System version 5.1 IBM-PC Program Chemix’ CSIRO Division of Mineral Products Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • S. M. M. Hadavi B. G. Gleeson D. J. Young (2000) Materials at High Temperatures 17 311

    Google Scholar 

  • M. H. Davies M. T. Simnad C. E. Birchenall (1951) Transactions AIME 191 889

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Paidassi (1957) Revue De Metallurgie 54 569

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Sachs C. W. Tuck (1967) Reheating for Hot Working Iron & Steel Institute London

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Maldy (1965) Revue de Matallurgie Memoires at Etudes Scientifique 57 379

    Google Scholar 

  • X. H. Abuluweful R. I. L. Guthrie F. Ajersch (1996) Oxidation of Metals 46 423 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01048639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Kubaschewski C. B. Alcock (1983) Metallurgical Thermochemistry EditionNumber5 Pergamon Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • D. R. Gaskell (1992) Introduction to Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering Macmillan New York

    Google Scholar 

  • F. A. Kroger H. J. Vink (1956) Solid State Physics 3 307

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. J. Young.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lee, V., Gleeson, B. & Young, D. Scaling of Carbon Steel in Simulated Reheat Furnace Atmospheres. Oxid Met 63, 15–31 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-005-1949-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-005-1949-0

Keywords

Navigation