Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of geo-environmental properties depressing urban development with GIS: a case study of Kozlu settlement, Turkey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Natural Hazards Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kozlu is a mining town only 5 km away from the main city of Zonguldak and initially was not favored for settlement due to its rugged and hilly topography. However, along with hard coal production in large quantities throughout the years came the industrialization at its full speed with plenty job opportunities which then gave rise to intense population in the region where there were only a few sheds and slums just a century ago. Workers migrating to Kozlu in thousands needed dwellings to live in, but the law, so-called the Coal Basin Restrictions Law which came in effect in 1910, hindered the implementation of zoning plans. Planned housing was not possible in the region not until the abolishment of the law in 1986. During these 76 years, the settlement in the area mostly by the mining and industry workers was carried out without proper zoning plans, usually on demand basis. Today because of this unplanned housing and harsh topography, the Kozlu settlement area (KSA) has a history of being attraction point for many natural and man-made disasters which can be summarized as are topography, geological and carstic structure, mining activities and mass movements. In this study, a settlement suitability map is produced for the study area using a geographic information system. The map produced is designated into four settlement suitability zones, namely suitable to settlement, slightly suitable to settlement, suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. It clearly shows that 24.73% of the study area lies in suitable and slightly suitable to settlement areas while the bulky rest pertains to suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. The latest studies show that the 37.5% of the buildings and houses in the KSA are situated on the lithologic units identified as hydrogeological permeable and semipermeable, 7.8% on carstic caverns and a hefty rate of 47.6% on the surfaces deformed by mining-induced subsidence. Therefore, it is needless to claim that the administrators of Kozlu should promptly develop a settlement plan for the welfare of the city.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AFAD (2015) Earthquake maps. www.deprem.gov.tr. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency

  • Akcin H, Degucci T, Kutoglu SH (2006) Monitoring mining induced subsidences using GPS and InSAR. TS 48 engineering surveys for construction works II, XXIII FIG congress, 8–13 Oct. Munich, pp 1–12

  • Akcin H, Kutoglu SH, Kemaldere H, Degucci T (2009) Monitoring vertical movements in Zonguldak Hard Coal Basin By Insar. 12. Turkey scientific and technical conference, 11–15 May. Ankara, pp 1–7

  • Alan I, Aksay A (2002) 1:100 000 scale geological map of Turkey Zonguldak E27-F27 sections, no: 28. Geological Studies Office, General Directorate of Mineral Research, Ankara, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkan M, Bulut G (2010) GIS and remote-sensing-based urban-information system design and development: a case study for Kozlu, Zonguldak. Sci Res Essays 5(19):2889–2899

    Google Scholar 

  • Arca D, Keskin Citiroglu H, Kutoglu HS, Kemaldere H, Mekik C, Sarginoglu S, Arslanoglu M (2014) Unsustainable urban development for Zonguldak metropolitan area (NW Turkey). Int J Sustain Dev World 21(5):398–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Are Jeoteknik Ltd (2008) The report of geologic-geotechnic revision master plan of 900 hectare area belong to Kozlu Municipal, Ankara, p 92

  • Arnous MO, Aboulela HA, Green DR (2011) Geo-environmental hazards assessment of the north western Gulf of Suez, Egypt. J Coast Conserv 15:37–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayten AM, Dede OM, Yazar KH (2005) Application of threshold analysis and its results in selection of emerging residential areas in urban settlements, earthquake, symposium, 23–25 Mar. Kocaeli, pp 1050–1056

  • Can E (2014) Investigation of landslide potential parameters on Zonguldak-Ereğli highway and adverse effects of landslides in the region. Environ Monit Assess 186:2435–2447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Can E, Mekik C, Kuscu S, Akcin H (2011) Subsidence occurring in mining regions and a case study of Zonguldak-Kozlu Basin. Sci Res Essays 6(6):1317–1327

    Google Scholar 

  • Can E, Kuscu S, Mekik C (2012) Determination of underground mining induced displacements using GPS observations in Zonguldak-Kozlu hard coal basin. Int J Coal Geol 89:62–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Can E, Mekik C, Kuscu S, Akcın H (2013a) Monitoring deformations on engineering structures in Kozlu hard coal basin. J Nat Hazards 65:2311–2330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Can E, Mekik C, Kuscu S, Akcin H (2013b) Computation of subsidence parameters resulting from layer movements post-operations of underground mining. J Struct Geol 47(1):16–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citiroglu HK, Baysal G (2011) Effects of geological and hydrological factors on the creation of flooding in Kozlu, Zonguldak, NW Turkey. Int J Phys Sci 6(6):1360–1373

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai FC, Lee CF, Zhang XH (2001) GIS-based geo-environmental evaluation for land-use planning: a case study. Eng Geol 61:257–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi T, Kato M, Akcin H, Kutoglu HS (2007) Monitoring of mining induced land deformation by interferometry using L- and C-band SAR data, ISPRS commission VII WG2 & WG7 conference on information extraction from SAR and optical data, with emphasis on developing countries, 16–18 May. İstanbul, pp 2122–2125

  • Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F (2000) Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote 38(5):2202–2212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang S, Li X, Wang Y (2012) A new model of geo-environmental impact assessment of mining: a multiple-criteria assessment method integrating fuzzy-AHP with fuzzy synthetic ranking. Environ Earth Sci 66:275–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ju CY, Jia YG, Shan HX, Tang CW, Ma WJ (2012) GIS-based coastal area suitability assessment of geo-environmental factors in Laoshan district, Qingdao. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12:143–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karadag A, Kocman A (2007) Relation between urbanization development and natural environment process case of Odemis-IZMIR. Aegean Geogr J 16:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya A, Alemdag S, Dag S, Gürocak Z (2015) Stability assessment of high-steep cut slope debris on a landslide (Gumushane, NE Turkey). Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:89–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerey E (1984) Facies and tectonic setting of the upper carboniferous rocks of Northwestern Turkey. In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (eds) The geological avolation of the eastern mediterranean, vol 17. Geological Society of London Special Publication, London, pp 123–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SD, Huang Z, Karacay A (2014) Study of ground subsidence in northwest Harris county using GPS, LiDAR, and InSAR techniques. Nat Hazards 73:1143–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutoglu HS, Akcin H, Kemaldere H, Deguchi T, Kato M (2008) Detecting illegal mining activities using Dinsar, integrating generations FIG working week. Stockholm, 14–19 June, pp 1–8

  • Kutoglu SH, Ecevitoglu B, Capar OF, Guney Y, Kemaldere H, Avdan U, Cıtıroglu HK, Pekkan E, Kartal ME, Gormos KS (2016) A multidisciplinary investigation of subsidence effect induced by underground coal mining. Shaker publishing, Maastricht, p 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacasse S, Nadim F (2009) Landslide risk assessment and mitigation strategy. In: Sassa K, Canuti P (eds) Landslides-disaster risk reduction. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 31–61

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Little AL (1969) The engineering classification of residual tropical soils. In: Proc. Spec. Sers. Eng. properties of lateritic soil VII, CSMFE, vol 1, pp 1–10

  • Mancini F, Stecchi F, Zanni M, Gabbianelli G (2009) Monitoring ground subsidence induced by salt mining in the city of Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Environ Geol 58:381–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekik C, Kutoglu H, Gormus KS (2013) Historical account of monitoring the North Anatolian Fault at the Ismetpasa segment and the latest findings. In: Brebbia CA, Hernandez S (eds) Earthquake resistant engineering structures IX, WIT transactions on the built environment, vol 132. WIT Press, Southampton, pp 259–270

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Parker HD (1988) The unique qualities of a geographic information system: a commentary. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 54(1):1547–1549

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha OM, Koirala A, Hanisch J, Busch K, Kerntke M, Jäger S (1999) A geo-environmental map for the sustainable development of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. GeoJournal 49:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TTK (2014) History of hard coal production and basin. http://www.taskomuru.gov.tr/index.php. 26 Sept 2014

  • Turer D, Nefeslioglu HA, Zorlu K, Gokceoglu C (2008) Assessment of geo-environmental problems of the Zonguldak Province (NW Turkey). Environ Geol 55(5):1001–1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unlu T, Akcin H, Yilmaz O (2013) An integrated approach for the prediction of subsidence for coal mining basins. Eng Geol 166:186–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varnes DJ (1978) Slope movement types and processes. Landslide special report. Natl Acad Sci 176:11–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang JX, Feng B, Hu LS, Tang YQ, Yan X, Wang H, Liu J (2012) Application of geo-environmental capacity of ground buildings in urban planning. Environ Earth Sci 69:93–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank Report (2011) Urban risk assessments: an approach for understanding disaster and climate risk in cities. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/3363871312495777257/UnderstandingUrbanRisk8-4-2011web.pdf. Feb 2014

  • Wu X, Jiang XW, Chen YF, Tian H, Xu NX (2009) The influences of mining subsidence on the ecological environment and public infrastructure: a case study at the Haolaigou iron ore mine in Baotou, China. Environ Earth Sci Spec Issue 59:803–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu K, Kong C, Li J, Zhang L, Wu C (2011) Suitability evaluation of urban construction land based on geo-environmental factors of Hangzhou, China. Comput Geosci 37(2011):992–1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yergok AF, Akman U, Iplikci E, Karabalik NN, Keskin I, Mengi H, Umut M, Armagan F, Erdogan K, Kaymakçı H, Cetinkaya A (1987) Geology of West Blacksea Region, vol 1. report no 8273. MTA Unit of Research Geology, Ankara, p 237

  • Yomralioglu T (2010) Geographical information technologies. J Sci Technol 9:49–51

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Gulseren BAYSAL, Geological Engineer, who works in Ministry of Environment and Urbanization for her support about digitized map of Kozlu area.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Izmir Vocational School, Vocational Schools of Higher Education, Dokuz Eylül University, 35000, Izmir, Turkey

    Deniz Arca

  2. Aydin YIKOB, Investment Monitoring and Coordination Presidency, 09100, Aydin, Turkey

    Hulya Keskin Citiroglu

  3. Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey

    Hakan S. Kutoglu & Cetin Mekik

  4. Nittetsu Mining Consultant Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

    Tomonori Deguchi

Authors
  1. Deniz Arca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hulya Keskin Citiroglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hakan S. Kutoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cetin Mekik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tomonori Deguchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deniz Arca.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Arca, D., Citiroglu, H.K., Kutoglu, H.S. et al. Assessment of geo-environmental properties depressing urban development with GIS: a case study of Kozlu settlement, Turkey. Nat Hazards 87, 307–322 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2765-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2765-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation