Abstract
Northwestern Balkans represents one of the rare regions where data on both the shallow geology (i.e., local soil conditions) and the deep geology exist for stations that recorded hundreds of strong motion records. The strong motion database used in this study consists of 203 strong motion accelerograms (each with three orthogonal translational components), recorded in former Yugoslavia in the period 1976–1983, from 108 contributing earthquakes. In this paper, the results of a series of regression analyses are presented where empirical equations for scaling pseudo-acceleration response spectra were developed on the basis of 5 subsets of data and using three prediction models. Results of the regression analyses show that for ground motion in the horizontal direction, both the shallow and deep geology site conditions have to be taken into account or else the spectral estimates might be considerably biased. Results show that the shallow geology influences spectral amplitudes the most in the short period range and has much lesser effects for larger periods, while the influence of the deep geology is expressed in a wider range of intermediate to long periods. Results also show that if the prediction model that considers solely the shallow geology effects is used, the spectral peaks that have been related to the deep geology effects will completely vanish for larger source-to-site distances, while in the case when solely the deep geology is considered, the peaks related to the shallow geology will not be visible for any distance. As for the amplitudes in the vertical direction, although both the shallow and the deep geology effects are less expressed than in the horizontal one, they still cannot be neglected—the deep geology effects are visible for a wider range of vibration periods, while the shallow geology has some effects only for periods smaller than ~0.3 s.
References
Anderson J, Hough S (1984) A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies. Bull Seismol Soc Am 74:1969–1993
Boore D (1983) Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73:1865–1891
Boore D (1986) Short-period P- and S-wave radiation from large earthquakes: implications for spectral scaling relations. Bull Seismol Soc Am 76:43–64
Boore D (2003) Prediction of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure Appl Geophys 160:635–676
Eurocode 8 (2004) Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part I: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. EN 1998-1, CEN—European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Gusev AA (1983) Descriptive statistical model of earthquake source radiation and its application to an estimation of short-period strong motion. Geophys J Royal Astron Soc 74:787–808
Hanks T (1982) f max. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:1867–1879
Jordanovski LjR, Lee VW, Manić MI, Olumčeva T, Sinadnovski C, Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (1987) Strong Earthquake Ground Motion Data in EQINFOS: Yugoslavia, Part I. Rep. No. 87-05, Dep. of Civ. Eng, University of Southern California
Lee VW (1995) Pseudo relative velocity spectra in former Yugoslavia. Eur Earthq Eng 7:12–22
Lee VW (2002) Empirical scaling of strong earthquake ground motion—Part I: attenuation and scaling of response spectra. ISET J Earthq Eng Technol 39:219–254
Lee VW, Manić MI (1994) Empirical scaling of response spectra in former Yugoslavia. In: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on earthquake engineering, vol 4. Vienna, Austria, pp 2567–2572
Lee VW, Trifunac MD (1992) Frequency dependent attenuation of strong earthquake ground motion in Yugoslavia. Eur Earthq Eng 6:3–13
Lee VW, Trifunac MD (1993) Empirical scaling of Fourier amplitude spectra in former Yugoslavia. Eur Earthq Eng 7:47–61
Manić MI (2003a) A contribution to the definition of empirical models for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration with application to the territory of Balkan region. Dissertation, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Skopje, FYR Macedonia (In Macedonian with English abstract)
Manić MI (2003b) Scaling laws for Fourier spectra based on strong motion data obtained in former Yugoslavia. In: Proceedings of the international conference in earthquake engineering to mark 40 years from Catastrophic 1963 Skopje Earthquake and Success. City Reconstr, Skopje, FYR Macedonia, Paper No. 97
Manić M, Bulajić B (2011) Characteristics of the strong motion recorded during the November 3, 2010 Kraljevo Earthquake. Izgradnja 65:197–218 (in Serbian with English abstract)
Manić MI, Manić IM (2007) Recording, processing, and interpretation of regional strong motion data. Izgradnja 61:391–406 (In Serbian with English abstract)
MATLAB® (2012) Statistical Toolbox User’s Guide. http://www.mathworks.com/help/releases/R13sp2/pdf_doc/stats/stats.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2012
Musson R (1999) Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the North Balkan region. Ann Geofis 42:1109–1124
Robinson EA (1985) Probability theory and applications. International human resources development corporation, Boston
Sabetta F, Pugliese A (1987) Attenuation of peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from Italian strong motion records. Bull Seismol Soc Am 77:1491–1513
Sabetta F, Pugliese A (1996) Estimation of response spectra and simulation of nonstationary earthquake ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:337–1513
Seed HB, Ugas C, Lysmer J (1976a) Site-dependent spectra for earthquake-resistant design. Bull Seismol Soc Am 66:221–243
Seed HB, Murarka R, Lysmer J, Idriss IM (1976b) Relationships of maximum acceleration, maximum velocity, distance from source, and local site conditions for moderately strong earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 66:1323–1342
Sokolov V, Bonjer K-P, Wenzel F, Grecu B, Radulian M (2008) Ground-motion prediction equations for the intermediate depth Vrancea (Romania) earthquakes. Bull Earthq Eng 6:367–388
Trifunac MD (1990) How to model amplification of strong earthquake motions by local soil and geologic site conditions. Earthq Eng Struct 19:833–846
Trifunac MD, Brady AG (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recording strong ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:139–162
Trifunac MD, Herak D (1992) Relationship of M SM L and magnitudes determined by regional seismological stations in southern and central Europe. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 11:229–241
Trifunac MD, Lee VW (1978) Dependence of the Fourier amplitude spectra of strong motion acceleration on the depth of sedimentary deposits. Report No. 78-14, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California
Trifunac MD, Lee VW (1990) Frequency dependent attenuation of strong earthquake ground motion. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 9:3–15
Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI (1989) Attenuation of seismic intensity in Albania and Yugoslavia. Earthq Eng Struct 10:617–631
Trifunac MD, Lee VW, Živčić M, Manić MI (1991) On the correlation of Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg intensity scale in Yugoslavia with the peaks of recorded strong earthquake ground motion. Eur Earthq Eng 5:27–33
Acknowledgments
The research of the first and the third authors was partially supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development Grant No. 36043. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments that led to significant improvements to the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bulajić, B.Ð., Manić, M.I. & Lađinović, Đ. Effects of shallow and deep geology on seismic hazard estimates: a case study of pseudo-acceleration response spectra for the northwestern Balkans. Nat Hazards 69, 573–588 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0726-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0726-7