Abstract
Volcanoes worldwide pose a major threat to humans at both local and global scales. The effective monitoring of volcanoes is essential to manage and reduce risk associated with the threat that they pose. The measurement of volcanic cloud composition can provide important clues to the underlying volcanic processes and can be indicative of impending eruption. Hazards posed by plumes to humans and animals are significant, as well as the potential climatic impacts and the threat to aircraft by the ingestion of volcanic ash all justify careful monitoring. Recent advances in instrument technology have allowed for high resolution monitoring of volcanic clouds from satellite-based instruments. There exists a suite of instruments with varying spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions, which when used in conjunction can provide detailed information about cloud properties. Such instruments have the capability to quantify sulphur dioxide, ash and aerosol content as well as the spatial and vertical distribution of species. Here we present an overview of the range of instruments useful for such monitoring, outline their functionality and describe the potential of future missions.
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Abbreviations
- ACE:
-
Aerosol/Cloud/Ecosystems mission
- ADEOS:
-
Advanced earth observation satellite
- AIRS:
-
Atmospheric infrared sounder
- AMF:
-
Air mass factor
- ASCENDS:
-
Active sensing of CO2 emissions over nights, days and seasons
- ASTER:
-
Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer
- ATMS:
-
Advanced technology microwave sounder
- AVHRR:
-
Advanced very high resolution radiometer
- BRD:
-
Band residual difference
- BrO:
-
Chemical symbol for bromine monoxide
- BUV:
-
Backscattered ultraviolet
- CALIOP:
-
Cloud-aerosol light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
- CERES:
-
Cloud and earth radiant energy system
- CLARREO:
-
Climate absolute radiance and refractivity observatory
- CrIS:
-
Cross-track infrared sounder
- CrIMSS:
-
CrIS and ATMS
- CO2 :
-
Chemical symbol for carbon dioxide
- DOAS:
-
Differential optical absorption spectroscopy
- ENVISAT:
-
Environmental satellite
- EP:
-
Earth probe
- ESA:
-
European space agency
- EOS:
-
Earth observing system
- GACM:
-
Global atmospheric composition mission
- GEO-CAPE:
-
Geostationary coastal and air pollution events
- GOES:
-
Geostationary operational environmental satellite
- GOME:
-
Global ozone monitoring experiment
- H2O:
-
Chemical symbol for water
- H2CO:
-
Chemical symbol for formaldehyde
- H2SO4 :
-
Chemical symbol for sulphuric acid
- HCL:
-
Chemical symbol for hydrogen chloride
- HF:
-
Chemical symbol for hydrogen fluoride
- HIRS:
-
High resolution infrared radiation sounder
- HyspIRI:
-
Hyperspectral infrared imager
- IASI:
-
Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer
- IR:
-
Infrared
- LEO:
-
Low earth orbit
- LF:
-
Linear fit
- LIDAR:
-
Light detection and ranging
- LOWTRAN:
-
Low resolution atmospheric transmission
- MetOp:
-
Meteorological operational satellite
- MIS:
-
Microwave imager/sounder
- MLS:
-
Microwave limb sounder
- MODIS:
-
Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
- MODTRAN:
-
Moderate resolution atmospheric transmission
- MSG:
-
Meteosat second generation
- MSU:
-
Microwave sounding unit
- MTSAT:
-
Multifunctional transport satellite
- NASA:
-
National aeronautics and space administration
- NO2 :
-
Chemical symbol for nitrogen dioxide
- NOAA:
-
National oceanic and atmospheric administration
- NOPAC:
-
North Pacific
- NPOESS:
-
National polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system
- OMI:
-
Ozone monitoring instrument
- OMPS:
-
Ozone mapping and profiler suite
- PARASOL:
-
Polarization and anisotropy of reflectances for atmospheric sciences coupled with observations from a LIDAR
- PREMIER:
-
Process exploration through measurements of infrared and millimetre-wave emitted radiation
- RAT:
-
Robust AVHRR technique
- SBUV:
-
Solar backscattered ultraviolet
- SCIAMACHY:
-
Scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography
- SEVIRI:
-
Spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager
- SSO:
-
Sun-synchronous orbit
- SWIR:
-
Shortwave infrared
- TES:
-
Tropospheric emission spectrometer
- TIMS:
-
Thermal infrared multispectral scanner
- TIR:
-
Thermal infrared
- TIROS:
-
Television infrared observation satellites
- TOMS:
-
Total ozone mapping spectrometer
- TOVS:
-
TIROS operational vertical sounder
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- VAACs:
-
Volcanic ash advisory centres
- VIIRS:
-
Visible/infrared imager/radiometer suite
- VNIR:
-
Visible/near infrared
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge an anonymous reviewer, M. Ramsey and P. Webley for their extremely thorough reviews and S. Murray for proof-reading, all of which have significantly improved this manuscript. The funding for the project was provided by NASA grant NNX08AF80G.
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Thomas, H.E., Watson, I.M. Observations of volcanic emissions from space: current and future perspectives. Nat Hazards 54, 323–354 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9471-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9471-3