Abstract
During aging, there is a marked decline in the antioxidant capacity of brain tissue, leading to a gradual loss of the antioxidant/oxidant balance, which causes oxidative damage. The effects of Paullinia cupana Mart. extract, which is described as being rich in caffeine and many polyphenol compounds, on the central nervous system have not been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to therefore investigate the effect of a commercial guarana extract (CGE) on cognitive function, oxidative stress, and brain homeostasis proteins related to cognitive injury and senescence in middle age, male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly assigned to a group according to their treatment (saline, CGE, or caffeine). Solutions were administered daily by oral gavage for 6 months. Open field and novel object recognition tasks were performed before and after treatment. Biochemical analyses were carried out on the hippocampus and striatum. Our open field data showed an increase in exploratory activity and a decrease in anxiety-like behavior with caffeine but not with the CGE treatment. In the CGE-treated group, catalase activity decreased in the hippocampus and increased in the striatum. Analyses of the hippocampus and striatum indicate that CGE and/or caffeine altered some of the analyzed parameters in a tissue-specific manner. Our data suggest that CGE intake does not improve cognitive development, but modifies the oxidative stress machinery and neurodegenerative-signaling pathway, inhibiting pro-survival pathway molecules in the hippocampus and striatum. This may contribute to the development of unfavorable microenvironments in the brain and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the funding agencies that supported this research, including grants from the National Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil) and from National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, Brazil process n°. 402471/20113-0).
Author Contributions
All authors listed above participated in the study to a significant extent. Moara Rodrigues Mingori, Fares Zeidán-Chuliá, José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira, and Daniel Pens Gelain conceived and designed the experiments. Moara Rodrigues Mingori, Luana Heimfarth, Karla Suzana Moresco, Henrique Mautone Gomes, Jeferson Delgado, and Sabrina Roncato performed the experiments. Moara Rodrigues Mingori, Luana Heimfarth, Charles Francisco Ferreira, and José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira worked on the analysis and interpretation of the data, writing, and intellectual content of the article. All authors read and approved the submitted manuscript.
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Luana Heimfarth has received a postdoctoral scholarship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CAPES/FAPERGS, Brazil). Moara Rodrigues Mingori and Karla Suzana Moresco have received doctoral scholarships from the National Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil). Henrique Mautone Gomes has received a PROBIT/FAPERGS graduation scholarship. Jeferson Delgado and Sabrina Roncato have received PROPESQ/UFRGS graduation scholarships. None of the authors declare a conflict of interest related to this study, whether financial or otherwise.
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11064_2017_2238_MOESM1_ESM.tif
Supplementary Fig. 1 Novel Object Recognition Task Effect of commercial guarana extract (CGE) and caffeine treatment on recognition memory performance in the novel object recognition task. Fig. 1a Object recognition index (24 h) in the three groups. Fig. 1b Object recognition index (3 h). Values represent the means ± SEM, n = 10 in each group. A one-way ANOVA indicated no statistical differences among groups (p > 0.05). (TIF 2147 KB)
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Mingori, M.R., Heimfarth, L., Ferreira, C.F. et al. Effect of Paullinia cupana Mart. Commercial Extract During the Aging of Middle Age Wistar Rats: Differential Effects on the Hippocampus and Striatum. Neurochem Res 42, 2257–2273 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2238-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2238-4