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Large-Scale Land Development, Fugitive Dust, and Increased Coccidioidomycosis Incidence in the Antelope Valley of California, 1999–2014

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Abstract

Ongoing large-scale land development for renewable energy projects in the Antelope Valley, located in the Western Mojave Desert, has been blamed for increased fugitive dust emissions and coccidioidomycosis incidence among the general public in recent years. Soil samples were collected at six sites that were destined for solar farm construction and were analyzed for the presence of the soil-borne fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis which is endemic to many areas of central and southern California. We used a modified culture-independent nested PCR approach to identify the pathogen in all soil samples and also compared the sampling sites in regard to soil physical and chemical parameters, degree of disturbance, and vegetation. Our results indicated the presence of C. immitis at four of the six sites, predominantly in non-disturbed soils of the Pond-Oban complex, which are characterized by an elevated pH and salt bush communities, but also in grassland characterized by different soil parameters and covered with native and non-native annuals. Overall, we were able to detect the pathogen in 40% of the soil samples (n = 42). Incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the Antelope Valley was positively correlated with land use and particulate matter in the air (PM10) (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.5). With the predicted population growth and ongoing large-scale disturbance of soil in the Antelope Valley in coming years, incidence of coccidioidomycosis will likely further increase if policy makers and land developers continue to ignore the risk of grading land without implementing long-term dust mitigation plans in Environmental Impact Reports.

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Acknowledgements

The project was supported by the California State University Research Council for Undergraduates Program (RCU) (D1072O). The authors also like to thank Paulina Le for analyzing the soil pH.

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  1. Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield (CSUB), 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311-1022, USA

    Aaron J. Colson, Natalia P. Rangel, Carl T. Kloock & Antje Lauer

  2. County of Los Angeles Department of Public Health, 600 S. Commonwealth Ave, Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA, 90005, USA

    Ramon E. Guevara

  3. Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield Field Office, 3801 Pegasus Drive, Bakersfield, CA, 93308, USA

    Larry Vredenburgh

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  1. Aaron J. Colson
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Table S1

Coordinates of sampling sites, soil map information, and ecological site description. Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 22 kb)

Fig S1

Incidence of coccidioidomycosis (cases/100,000 people) in Los Angeles County and in 3 different Service Planning Areas (SPAs), Antelope Valley Area, San Fernando Area and San Gabriel Area between 2000 and 2014. Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 774 kb)

Fig S2

Overview of individual sampling spots where C. immitis was detected. A Soil sampling spot 6.1, with spotty distribution of dried Lasthenia californica, Erodium cicutarium, and a dead salt bush in the background. B Soil sampling spot 6.2, close to A. polycarpa. C Soil sampling spot 6.3, close to Ericameria nauseosa. D Soil sampling spot 6.5 with no vegetation, but visible salt deposits. E Soil sampling spot 6.4, with the same plant coverage as site 6.1 (A), where the pathogen could not be detected (included for comparison of vegetation cover). F Soil sampling spot 2.6 showing plenty of dried Lasthenia californica among other annuals. G Soil sampling location 3.1 showing a young Salsola tragus and dried Lasthenia californica among other annuals. H Soil sampling spot 3.5 showing small quartz particles on the surface, as well as drought resistant annuals including seedlings of Salsola tragus. No photo was taken at sampling spot 2A.1, but the vegetation was the same as documented for 2.6. Supplementary material 3 (TIFF 6992 kb)

Fig S3

Variation of selected soil parameters in the larger sampling area (within the square). Numbered white circles mark individual sampling sites. C. immitis was detected in soil samples from sites 2, 3, and 6. A Erodibility index as tons per acre per year: 48 (light orange), 56 (yellow), 86 (light yellow), 134 (light green), 250 (blue). B pH: 9.1 (very dark blue), 8.5–9 (dark blue), 7.9–8.2 (blue), 7.4–7.6 (turquoise), 6.7–7.3 (light green). C Soil map units: Pond-Oban complex (turquoise); Pond loam and Sunrise fine loamy sand (red); Sunrise sandy loam, Rosamond fine sandy loam, Ramona coarse sandy loam [5–12% slopes], and Gravel pits (pink); Tray loam [saline-alkali], Greenfield sandy loam [5–9% slopes], Hanford sandy loam [2–9% slopes], Rosamond loam [saline-alkali], Mohave coarse sandy loam [2–5% slopes], Hanford coarse sandy loam [0–9% slopes], and Sunrise loam (brown and kaki); Tray sandy loam [saline-alkali], Ramona coarse sandy loam [2–5% slopes], Vista coarse sandy loam [15–30% slopes, eroded] (blue), Cajon loamy sand [0–2% slopes], Hanford coarse sandy loam [0–2% slopes], Tray sandy loam, and Sunrise sandy loam (purple); Greenfield sandy loam [0–2% slopes], Hesperia fine sandy loam [0–2% slopes], Adelanto coarse sandy loam [0–2% slopes], Rosamond loam, and Vista coarse sandy loam [9-15% slopes, eroded] (green). D Percent clay content: 25.7–31(very dark blue), 18.3–20 (light blue), 11–15 (light green), 7.5–9.3 (yellow), 3.7 (red). Supplementary material 4 (TIFF 9782 kb)

Fig S4

A Display of variation in pH for all individual soil samples (light gray bars) from all sites with indication of site averages (dark gray bars). B Variation of pH for C. immitis positive soil samples (dark gray with black dots) and negative soil samples (light gray bars). Supplementary material 5 (TIFF 316 kb)

Fig S5

Incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the Antelope Valley between 1999 and 2014. Displayed are also various environmental parameters such as PM2.5 and PM10, wind speed and precipitation, as well as changes in land use over the same time period. Indicated are also PM2.5 and PM10 federal and California standards. Supplementary material 6 (TIFF 2246 kb)

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Colson, A.J., Vredenburgh, L., Guevara, R.E. et al. Large-Scale Land Development, Fugitive Dust, and Increased Coccidioidomycosis Incidence in the Antelope Valley of California, 1999–2014. Mycopathologia 182, 439–458 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0105-5

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