Skip to main content
Log in

Assisting therapists in assessing small animal phobias by computer analysis of video-recorded sessions

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Behavioural Avoidance Tests (BATs) are commonly used for assessing phobias. While easy to deploy, these tests have some practical difficulties. For instance, therapists have to make distance estimations that are hard to do with accuracy and objectivity; or information regarding the performance of the patients (e.g. their walking pattern) is lost. To alleviate these difficulties, a computerized tool has been developed to extract the walking pattern of patients while approaching the phobic stimulus. From a video-recorded BAT session, two visual representations have been explored to compactly summarize the patient’s behavior: a static one (an image) and a dynamic one (an animation). A proof-of-concept prototype has been tested with 23 therapists. Most of the therapists preferred the animated representation, since it provides them with a better sense of the dynamics of how the patient really behaved. The participants agreed that this tool might be useful in assisting therapist when assessing phobia through BATs, since diagnostics could be made in a more accurate and objective way.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bailenson JN, Pontikakis ED, Mauss IB, Gross JJ, Jabon ME, Hutcherson CAC, Nass C, John O (2008) Real-time classification of evoked emotions using facial feature tracking and physiological responses. Int J Human-Comput Stud 66(5):303–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Botella C, Bretón-López J., Quero S, Baños R. M., García-Palacios A. (2010) Treating cockroach phobia with augmented reality. Behav Therapy 41 (3):401–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Botella C, Bretón-López J, Quero S, María Baños R, García-Palacios A, Zaragozá I, Raya MA (2011) Treating cockroach phobia using a serious game on a mobile phone and augmented reality exposure: A single case study. Comput Human Behav 27(1):217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Botella C, Gallego MJ, García-Palacios A, Guillen V, Baños RM, Quero S, Raya MA (2010) An internet-based self-help treatment for fear of public speaking: A controlled trial. Cyberpsychol, Behavior, Soc Netw 13(4):407–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bretón-López J, Quero S, Botella C, García-Palacios A, Baños RM, Raya MA (2010) An augmented reality system validation for the treatment of cockroach phobia. Cyberpsychol, Behavior, Soc Netw 13(6):705–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Castelló V, Traver VJ, Serrano B, Montoliu R, Botella C (2015) Computer vision analysis of video-recorded sessions for BAT-based phobia assessment. Technical report, Institute of New Imaging Technologies. Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain

    Google Scholar 

  7. Davis JW, Bobick AF (1997) The representation and recognition of human movement using temporal templates. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 928–934

  8. Dix A, Finlay JE, Abowd GD, Beale R (2003) Human-computer interaction, 3rd edn. Prentice-Hall, Inc, NJ, USA

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Gatica-Pérez D (2009) Automatic nonverbal analysis of social interaction in small groups: A review. Image Vis Comput 27(12):1775–1787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gunes H, Piccardi M (2006) Assessing facial beauty through proportion analysis by image processing and supervised learning. Int J Human-Comput Stud 64(12):1184–1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hashemi J, Spina TV, Tepper M, Esler A, Morellas V, Papanikolopoulos N, Sapiro G (2012) A computer vision approach for the assessment of autism-related behavioral markers. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics, (ICDL-EPIROB 2012), pp 1–7

  12. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gener Psychiatry 62(6):593–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kröse B, Oosterhout T, Kasteren T (2011) Activity monitoring systems in health care. In: Salah AA, Gevers T (eds) Computer Analysis of Human Behavior. Springer, London, pp 325–346

  14. Manresa CY, Muntaner JJ, Arellano D (2013) A motion-based interface to control environmental stimulation for children with severe to profound disabilities. In: CHI’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’13, pp 7–12

  15. McDuff D, Kaliouby RE, Picard RW (2012) Crowdsourcing facial responses to online videos. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 3(4):456–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Meng CTT, Kirkby KC, Martin F, Gilroy LJ, Daniels BA (2004) Computer-delivered behavioural avoidance tests for spider phobia. Behav Chang 21:173–185, 8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mühlberger A, Sperber M, Wieser MJ, Pauli P (2008) A virtual reality behavior avoidance test (VR-BAT) for the assessment of spider phobia. J CyberTherapy Rehabil 1:147–158

    Google Scholar 

  18. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen H-U, Jönsson B (2012) The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol 19(1):155–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Öst L-G, Salkovskis PM, Hellstrom K (1991) One-session therapist-directed exposure vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behav Therapy 22 (3):407–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Parsons TD, Rizzo AA (2008) Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. J Behav Therapy Exper Psychiatry 39:250–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Pogorelc B, Bosnić Z, Gams M (2011) Automatic recognition of gait-related health problems in the elderly using machine learning. Multimed Tools Appl 58 (2):333–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rahman A (2015) Multimedia environment toward analyzing and visualizing live kinematic data for children with hemiplegia. Multimed Tools Appl 74(15):5463–5487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rehg JM (2011) Behavior imaging: Using computer vision to study autism. In: Proceedings of the IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications (IAPR MVA 2011), pp 14–21

  24. Riva G (1997) Virtual reality as assessment tool in psychology. Stud Health Technol Inform 44:71–79

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sharp H, Rogers Y, Preece Jenny (2007). Wiley, Interaction design: Beyond human computer interaction

  26. Trull TJ (2007) Expanding the aperture of psychological assessment: introduction to the special section on innovative clinical assessment technologies and methods. Psychol Assess 19(1):1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tversky B, Morrison JB, Betrancourt M (2002) Animation: can it facilitate? Int J Human-Comput Stud 57(4):247–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Valstar MF, Gunes H, Pantic M (2007) How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ICMI ’07. ACM, NY, USA, pp 38–45

  29. Wrzesien M, Alcañiz M, Botella C, Burkhardt J-M, Bretón-López J, Ortega M, Brotons DB (2013) The therapeutic lamp: Treating small-animal phobias. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 33 (1):80–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zivkovic Z (2004) Improved adaptive gausian mixture model for background subtraction. In: International Conference Pattern Recognition, pp 28–31

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work has been partly supported by Fundació Caixa-Castelló (through grant P1-1A2010-11) and Generalitat Valenciana (through grant PROMETEOII2014062).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. Javier Traver.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Castelló, V., Traver, V.J., Serrano, B. et al. Assisting therapists in assessing small animal phobias by computer analysis of video-recorded sessions. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 21033–21049 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3997-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3997-7

Keywords

Navigation