Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How Do Science and Technology Affect International Affairs?

  • Published:
Minerva Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Science and technology influence international affairs by many different mechanisms. Both create new issues, risks and uncertainties. Advances in science alert the international community to new issues and risks. New technological capabilities transform war, diplomacy, commerce, intelligence, and investment. This paper identifies six basic patterns by which advances in science and technology influence international relations: (1) as a juggernaut or escaped genie with rapid and wide-ranging ramifications for the international system; (2) as a game-changer and a conveyer of advantage and disadvantage to different actors in the international system; (3) as a source of risks, issues and problems that must be addressed and managed by the international community; (4) as key dimensions or enablers of international macro phenomena; (5) as instruments of foreign policy or sources of technical information for the management of an ongoing international regime; (6) as the subject of projects and institutions whose planning, design, implementation and management provide grist for the mill of international relations and diplomacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Weart (2008) and Edwards (2010) chronicle the early history of climate research, while Pielke (2007) offers a pessimistic assessment of the prospects for any international agreement on mitigating global warming that requires major limits on the use of fossil fuels.

  2. Global issues may give rise to new coalitions of states with newly discovered common interests, as when negotiations over climate change gave rise to the Alliance of Small Island States, low-lying island-states that share the fear that they will be submerged by rising sea levels if carbon dioxide emissions are not controlled (Barnett and Campbell 2010).

  3. The IPCC’s reports are posted at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm.

  4. The Arms Control Association explains the means and methods for verifying the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_09/Toth. It explains the challenges and potential of seismic monitoring at http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_05/vimy98.

  5. But see Weiss (2012) for a description of the STIA Program at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service.

  6. For a summary of subsequent developments in economics that depict the role of technology more realistically, see Romer (1990).

References

  • Andreas, Peter, and Ethan Nadelmann. 2006. Policing the globe: Criminalization and crime control in international relations. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bache, Ian, Simon Bulmer, Stephen George, and Owen Parker. 2015. Politics in the European Union, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, James. 2001. Body of secrets: Anatomy of the ultra-secret National Security Agency. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, James. 2008. The shadow factory: The ultra-secret NSA from 9/11 to the eavesdropping on America. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, James. 2013. They know much more than you think. New York Review of Books 60(13): 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Jon, and John Campbell. 2010. Climate change and small island states: Power, knowledge and the South Pacific. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, Edward T. 2013. Warfare in a new domain: The ethics of military cyber-operations. Journal of Military Ethics 12(1): 4–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, R. 2014. The Islamic State. The Soufan Group. http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf.

  • Barston, R.P. 2013. Modern diplomacy, 4th ed. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, Kai-Henrik. 2006. Catalysts of change: Scientists as transnational arms control advocates in the 1980s. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 182–206.

  • Baum, Warren C., and Michael L. Lejeune. 1986. Partners against hunger: The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Washington: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, Paul, David Baltimore, Sydney Brenner, Richard O. Roblin III, and Maxine F. Singer. 1975. Summary statement of the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72(6): 1981–1984.

  • Biello, David. 2013. Fracking can be done safely, but will it be? Scientific American, 17 May. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water.

  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 2012. Neglected infectious diseases: Strategy overview. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Health/Neglected-Infectious-Diseases.

  • Bonvillian, William B., and Charles Weiss. 2015. Technological innovation in legacy sectors. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Borgerson, Scott G. 2013. The coming Arctic boom: As the ice melts, the region heats up. Foreign Affairs 92(4): 76–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer, Laurens M. 2011. Have disaster losses increased due to anthropogenic climate change? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92(1): 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, Paul J. 2012. The second nuclear age: Strategy, danger, and the new power politics. New York: Times Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulkeley, Rip. 2010. The political origins of the Antarctic treaty. The Polar Record 46(1): 9–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byman, Daniel. 2006. Do targeted killings work? Foreign Affairs 85(2): 95–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campe, Sabine. 2009. The Secretariat of the International Maritime Organization: A tanker for tankers. In Managers of global change: The influence of international environmental bureaucracies, eds. Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhüner, 143–168. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

  • Cha, Victor D. 2000. Globalization and the study of international security. Journal of Peace Research 37(3): 391–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, Richard A., and Robert K. Knake. 2010. Cyber war: The next threat to national security and what to do about it. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosston, Matthew. 2014. Pandora’s presumption: Drones and the problematic ethics of techno-war. Journal of Strategic Security 7(4): 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daar, Abdallah S., Susan Reynolds Whyte, Mohamed S. Abdullah, Hu Ching-Li, Stephen L. Hoffman, and Martine Berger. 2008. TDR thirty years on: Taking stock and envisioning the future for the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2(11): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlman, Carl J. 2012. The world under pressure: How China and India are influencing the global economy and environment. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Greiff, Alexis. 2006. The politics of non-cooperation: The boycott of the International Center for Theoretical Physics. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 86–109.

  • Deibert, Ronald J. 2008. Black code redux: Censorship, surveillance, and the militarization of cyberspace. In Digital media and democracy: Tactics in hard times, eds. Megan Boler, Alessandra Renzi, Andrea Schmidt, and Nathalie Magnan, 137–163. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delpech, Thérèse. 2012. Nuclear deterrence in the 21st century: Lessons from the Cold War for a new era of strategic piracy. Santa Monica CA: RAND Corp. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf.

  • Dodds, Klaus. 2015. Flag planting and finger pointing: The Law of the Sea, the Arctic and the political geographies of the Outer Continental Shelf. Political Geography 29(2): 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doel, Ronald E., and Kristine C. Harper. 2006. Prometheus unleashed: Science as a diplomatic weapon in the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 66–85.

  • Dolan, Bridget. 2012. Science and technology agreements as tools for science diplomacy: A U.S. case study. Science and Diplomacy 1(4). http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2012/science-and-technology-agreements-tools-for-science-diplomacy.

  • Dorsey, Kurkpatrick. 1998. The dawn of conservation diplomacy: US-Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the Progressive Era. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. 2012. Overview of DNDI. http://www.dndi.org/about-us/overview-dndi.html?highlight=WyJvdmVydmlldyJd.

  • Edwards, Paul N. 2006. Meteorology as infrastructural globalism. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 229–250.

  • Edwards, Paul N. 2010. A vast machine: Computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichensehr, Kristen E. 2015. Cyberwar and international law step zero. Texas International Law Journal 50(2–3): 355–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ems, Lindsey. 2014. Twitter’s place in the tussle: How old power struggles play out on a new stage. Media, Culture and Society 36(5): 720–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, John. 2004. To cast out disease: A history of the international health division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farwell, James P. 2014. The media strategy of ISIS. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 56(6): 49–55.

  • Ferllini, Roxana (ed.). 2007. Forensic archaeology and human rights violations. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fidler, David P. 2004. SARS, governance and the globalization of disease. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, Nathan, Alexandra Calmy, and Edward J. Mills. 2011. The first decade of antiretroviral therapy in Africa. Globalization and Health 7(1): 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fosdick, Raymond B. 1952. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper and Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaddis, John Lewis. 1987. The long peace: Inquiries into the history of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantz, Valentino M., and Ethan Bier. 2015. The mutagenic chain reaction: A method for converting heterozygous to homozygous mutations. Science 348(6233): 442–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, Laurie. 2015. Ebola’s lessons: How the WHO mishandled the crisis. Foreign Affairs 94(5): 80–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glen, Carol M. 2014. Internet governance: Territorializing cyberspace? Politics and Policy 42(5): 635–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblat, Jozef. 1982. Arms control agreements: A handbook. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, Daniel S. 2001. Science, money, and politics: Political triumph and ethical erosion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Ernst B. 1964. Beyond the nation-state: Functionalism and international organization. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Peter M. 1992. Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization 46(1): 1–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. 2006. Hallowed lords of the sea: Scientific authority and radioactive waste in the United States, Britain and France. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 209–228.

  • Heffernan, R., F. Mostashari, D. Das, A. Karpati, Don Weiss, and M. Kulldorff. 2004. Syndromic surveillance in public health practice: New York City. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(5): 858–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heires, Marcel. 2008. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). New Political Economy 13(3): 357–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herron, Jon C., and Scott Freeman. 2013. Evolutionary analysis, 5th ed. New York: Benjamin Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulme, Mike, and Martin Mahony. 2010. Climate change: What do we know about the IPCC? Progress in Physical Geography 34(5): 705–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. 2013. Climate Change 2013—the physical basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf.

  • Joseph, Sarah. 2003. Pharmaceutical corporations and access to drugs: The “fourth wave” of corporate human rights scrutiny. Human Rights Quarterly 25(2): 425–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, Herman. 1966. Thinking about the unthinkable. New York: Horizon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalacska, M., and L.S. Bell. 2006. Remote sensing as a tool for the detection of clandestine mass graves. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 39(1): 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. 2000. The dynamics of technological learning during the import-substitution period and recent structural changes in the industrial sector of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. In Technology, learning, and innovation: Experiences of newly industrializing economies, eds. Linsu Kim, and Richard R. Nelson. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Linsu. 1997. Imitation to innovation: The dynamics of Korea’s technological learning. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Gary, Jennifer Pan, and Margaret E. Roberts. 2013. How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review 107(2): 326–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, Karen, and Kal Raustiala. 2000. International environmental agreements and remote sensing technologies. In Background paper prepared for the Workshop on Remote Sensing and Environmental Treaties: Building more effective linkages. http://sedac.ciesin.org/rs-treaties/rs-treaties_bckgnd.pdf.

  • Krepinevich, Andrew F., Jr. 2002. The Military-technical revolution: A preliminary assessment. Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment. (Reprint of DOD Office of Net Assessment paper, July 1992), http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/2002.10.02-Military-Technical-Revolution.pdf.

  • Krige, John. 1996. CERN from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. In History of CERN, vol. 3, ed. John Krige. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krige, John. 2006. Atoms for peace, scientific internationalism and scientific intelligence. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 161–181.

  • Krige, John, and Kai-Henrik Barth. 2006. Introduction: Science, technology and international affairs. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 1–21.

  • Kuhn, Thomas. 1996. The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lall, Sanjaya, and Carlo Pietrobelli. 2002. Failing to compete: Technology development and technology systems in Africa. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, Stuart W., and Robert Kargon. 2006. Exporting MIT: Science, technology and nation-building in India and Iran. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 110–130.

  • Lightfoot, David. 1999. The development of language: Acquisition, change and evolution. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, Matthew. 2002. Aerial attacks on civilians and the humanitarian law of war: Technology and terror from World War I to Afghanistan. California Western International Law Journal 33(1): 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMillan online dictionary. www.macmillandictionary.com.

  • May, Christopher. 2010. The global political economy of intellectual property rights: The new enclosures? 2d ed. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Schoenberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. 2013. Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCray, W. Patrick. 2010. ‘Globalization with hardware’: ITER’s fusion of technology, policy, and politics. History and Technology 26(4): 283–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCright, Aaron M., Riley E. Dunlap, and Chenyang Xiao. 2013. Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA. Climatic Change 119(2): 511–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, Walter A. 1985. Sputnik, the space race, and the Cold War. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 41(5): 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Clark A. 2006. “An effective instrument of peace”: Scientific cooperation as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, 1938–50. Osiris, 2d series 21(1): 133–160.

  • Moresov, Evgeny. 2011. The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, Craig N., and Joanne Yates. 2009. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Global governance through voluntary consensus. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanabhay, Mohamed, and Roxane Farmanfarmaian. 2011. From spectacle to spectacular: How physical space, social media and mainstream broadcast amplified the public sphere in Egypt’s ‘revolution’. The Journal of North African Studies 16(4): 573–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1999. The pervasive role of science, technology and health in foreign policy: Imperatives for the Department of State. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 2015a. Climate intervention: Reflecting sunlight to cool Earth. Washington: National Academy Press.

  • National Research Council. 2015b. Climate intervention: Carbon dioxide removal and reliable sequestration. Washington: National Academy Press.

  • National Research Council. 2015c. Diplomacy for the 21st century: Embedding a culture of science and technology throughout the Department of State. Washington: National Academy Press.

  • Nichols, Rodney W. 1992. Science and technology in U.S. international affairs. New York: Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. http://www.ccstg.org/pdfs/InternationalAffairs0192.pdf.

  • Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 2010. The future of American power: Dominance and decline in perspective. Foreign Affairs 89(6): 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obama, Barack. 2009. Remarks by the President on a new beginning, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.

  • O’Connell, Kevin M. 2005. The role of science and technology in transforming American intelligence. In The future of American intelligence, ed. Peter Berkowitz, 139–174. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik Conway. 2010. Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. New York: Bloomsbury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paarlberg, Robert L. 2000. The global food fight. Foreign Affairs 79(3): 24–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paarlberg, Robert L. 2008. Starved for science: How biotechnology is being kept out of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Paarlberg, Robert L. 2013. Food politics: What everyone needs to know, 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parson, Edward A. 1993. Protecting the ozone layer. In Institutions for the Earth: Sources of effective international environmental protection, eds. Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielke, Roger A., Jr. 2007. The honest broker: Making sense of science in policy and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pigoni, Livio. 2014. Internet governance: Time for an update? CSS Analyses in Security Policy 163: 1–4. http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSSAnalyse163-EN.pdf.

  • Pincus, Erica. 2012. Science, technology and the State Department: The role of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.

  • Pincus, Erica. 2014. The Science and Technology Adviser to the U.S. Department of State: The history and evolution of the role. Science and Diplomacy 3(4): 70–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pool, Robert. 1997. Beyond engineering: How society shapes technology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, Peter H. 2013. Engaging North Korea through biodiversity protection. Science and Diplomacy 2(2): 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravetz, Jerry R., Silvio O. Funtowicz, and International Society for Ecological Economics. 2013. Post-normal science. In Encyclopedia of Earth, topic ed. Robert Constanza. http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155319/.

  • Robinson, Jana. 2011. Transparency and confidence-building measures for space security. Space Policy 27(1): 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, Paul M. 1990. Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy 98(5): S71–S102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotblat, Joseph. 1972. Scientists in the quest for peace: A history of the Pugwash conferences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotblat, Joseph. 2001. The early days of Pugwash. Physics Today 54(6): 50–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, Donald. 1996. The polar regions and the development of international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruttan, Vernon W. 2000. Technology, growth, and development: An induced innovation perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, Michael N. 1999. The principle of discrimination in 21st century warfare. Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 2(1): 143–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, Michael N. (ed.). 2013. Tallinn manual on the international law applicable to cyber warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Stephen H. 2009. Science as a contact sport: Inside the battle to save Earth’s climate. Washington: National Geographic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Martin J.K., and Jorg D. Seebach. 2011. Xenotransplantation literature update. Xenotransplantation 18(4): 262–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shakelford, Scott J., and Amanda Craig. 2014. Beyond the new digital divide: Analyzing the evolving role of national governments in internet governance and enhancing cybersecurity. Stanford Journal of International Law 50(1): 119–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shatkin, Jo Anne. 2012. Nanotechnology: Health and environmental risks, 2d ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirky, Clay. 2011. The political power of social media. Foreign Affairs 90(1): 28–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, Michael J., and John T. Musacchio. 2011. An international environmental agreement for space debris mitigation among asymmetric nations. Acta Astronautica 68(1): 326–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skolnikoff, Eugene B. 1993. The elusive transformation: Science, technology, and the evolution of international politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnikoff, Eugene B. 2002. Will science and technology undermine the international political system? International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 2(1): 29–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solow, Robert M. 1987. Growth theory and after (Nobel Memorial Prize lecture). http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1987/solow-lecture.html.

  • Steinfeld, Edward S. 2010. Playing our game: Why China’s rise doesn’t threaten the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, Jessica, and J.M. Berger. 2015. ISIS: The state of terror. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, Shumin, and Mark Xu. 2015. Twitplomacy: Social media as a new platform for development of public diplomacy. International Journal of E-Politics 6(1): 16–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, J. 2014. China’s Weibo: Is faster different? New Media & Society 16(1): 24–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syed, T.H., J.S. Famiglietti, M. Rodell, J. Chen, and C.R. Wilson. 2008. Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS. Water Resources Research 44(2): 1–15. (W0243).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tudoroiu, Theodor. 2014. Social media and revolutionary waves: The case of the Arab spring. New Political Science 36(3): 346–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Homeland Security. 2015. Critical infrastructure sector partnerships. http://www.dhs.gov/critical-infrastructure-sector-partnerships.

  • Valderrama, Fernando M. 1995. A history of UNESCO. Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Aalst, Maarten K. 2006. The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters 30(1): 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Victor, David G., M. Granger Morgan, Jay Apt, and John Steinbruner. 2013. The truth about geoengineering: Science fiction and science fact. Foreign Affairs Postscript, March 27. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/global-commons/2013-03-27/truth-about-geoengineering.

  • Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. The four little dragons: The spread of industrialization in East Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, Caroline S., Irene Brahmakulam, D. J. Peterson, Linda Staheli, and Anny Wong. 2005. U.S. government funding for science and technology cooperation with Russia. Arlington VA: Science and Technology Policy Institute, Rand Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1504.pdf.

  • Weart, Spencer R. 2008. The discovery of global warming: Revised and expanded. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, Charles. 2005. Science, technology and international relations. Technology in Society 27(3): 295–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, Charles. 2012. On the teaching of science, technology and international affairs. Minerva 50(1): 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Brian Glyn. 2010. The CIA’s covert predator drone war in Pakistan, 2004–10: The history of an assassination campaign. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33(10): 871–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, Poh Kam. 2001. Leveraging multinational corporations, fostering technopreneurship: The changing role of S&T policy in Singapore. International Journal of Technology Management 22(5–6): 539–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 1993. World Development Report 1993: Investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5976.

  • Yang, Guobin. 2014. Internet activism and the party-state in China. Daedalus 143(2): 110–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeadally, Sherali, and Angelyn Flowers. 2014. Cyberwar: The what, when, why, and how. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 33(3): 14–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Georgetown University for research support. He thanks Alexander Olesker, Kate Broderick, Colleen Wood, Agree Ahmed and Gabriel Gorre for excellent research assistance. He thanks an anonymous reviewer for valuable critiques and suggestions. References and URLs are accurate as of 6 October 2015.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts., N.W., Washington, DC, 20057, USA

    Charles Weiss

  2. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, Washington, DC, 20005, USA

    Charles Weiss

Authors
  1. Charles Weiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles Weiss.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Weiss, C. How Do Science and Technology Affect International Affairs?. Minerva 53, 411–430 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-015-9286-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-015-9286-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation