The effect of technology of introducing REM on the composition and shape of nonmetallic inclusions and physicomechanical properties of carbon and low-alloy steels for different purposes is analyzed, and criteria are provided for REM consumption in relation to sulfur and oxygen content within metal, making it possible to determine the optimum REM distribution with which there is an increase in ductility properties, impact energy, and sheet and plate anisotropy properties of the sheet are reduced. Microalloying of carbon and alloy steels and alloys with REM improves corrosion resistance, hot ductility, thermal shock resistance, and other operating properties.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. S. Kreshchanovskii and M. F. Sidorenko, Steel Modification, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1970).
T. N. Litvinova, V. Shch. Pirozhkova, and A. K. Petrova, Nonmetallic Inclusion Petrography, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1972).
V. I. Yavoiskii, Yu. I. Rubenchik, and A. P. Okelko, Nonmetallic Inclusions and Steel Properties, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1980).
Ya. N. Malinochka and G. Z. Kovalchuk, Sulfides in Steels and Cast Irons, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1988).
Ya. E. Goldshtein and V. G. Mizin, Cast Iron and Steel Modification and Microalloying, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986).
A. Ejima, T. Emi, K. Suzuki, et al., “Criteria for uniform distribution of REE sulfides during crystallization of large ingots of high-strength sheet steel,” Process of Deoxidation and Formation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel, Nauka, Moscow (1997).
M. Ishiguro and M. Ito, “Effect of REE on high-quality ingot properties,” Process of Deoxidation and Formation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel, Nauka, Moscow (1997), pp. 169–181.
L. Luyckx, J. R. Bell, A. McClean, and M. Korchynsky, “Sulphide shape control in high strength low alloy steels,” Metal. Trans., 1, No. 12, 3341–3350 (1970).
H. Weiss, “Effect of adding REM alloy with calcium on inclusion morphology and impact strength of hot-rolled broad strip for pipe welding in a Spiral joint,” Chernye Metally, No. 10, 3–8 (1977).
Yu. I. Matrosov, A. A. Litvinenko, and S. A Golovanenko, Steel for Main Gas Pipelines, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1989).
T. V. Ostrovskaya and M. V. Selivanov, Overseas Steels for Operation in Hydrogen Sulfide Media: Series, Metallurgy and Heat Treatment, Inst. Chern. Met., Informatsitya, Moscow (1983).
D. A. Dyukin, V. V. Kisilenko, S. N. Maritsev, et al., “Production technology for pipe steel using REM,” Stal, No. 2, 19–21 (2008).
D. A. Movenko, G. I. Kotel’nikov, A. E. Semin, et al., “Improvement of treatment regimes for pipe steel with cerium,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 8, 7–12 (2012).
V. A. Toropov, A. I. Stepanov, A. V. Murzin, et al., “Experience of producing continuously-cast billets of pipe steels grades alloyed with Rem,” Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Steel Smelters, Polevskoi (2014), pp. 376–378.
A. V. Ioffe, T. V. Tetyueva, and O. A. Zyryanova, “Effect of modification with rare earth metals n mechanical and corrosion properties of low-alloy steels,” Vektor Nauki TGU, No. 4(14), 41–46 (2010).
O. P. Elasnina and M. V. Selevanov, “Role of calcium and REM in steel structure and property formation,” Ser. Metallurgy and Heat treatment: Review, Chermetinformatsiya, Moscow (1985), Iss. 1.
G. Nuri, Ohashi, and T. Hiromoto, “Solidification microstructure of ingots and continuously cast slabs treated with rare earth metal,” J. Iron and Steel Inst., 66, No. 6, 628–637 (1980).
Yu. A. Shulte, Steel Cold Resistance, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1970).
V. V. Lunev and V. V. Averin, Sulfur and Phosphorus in Steel, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1988).
V. A. Golubstov and V. V. Lunev, Modification of Steel for Castings and Ingots, ZNTU, Chelyabinsk-Zaporozhe (2009).
E. D. Verbolskaya, G. F. Zasetskii, I. V. Isakov, and D. E. Khlebnikov, “Experience of treating molten steel with are earth elements,” Stal, No. 11, 1030–1033 (1960).
S. N. Primerov, M. V. Voloshchenko, G. A. Alfintsev, and A. K. Kumiev, “Modification with calcium-containing modifers,” Lit. Proizv., No. 2, 10–11 (1977).
N. A. Smirnov, “Use of REM for improving steel quality,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 3, 34–39 (2004).
M. P. Braun, Steel Microalloying, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1982).
A. N. Rakitskii and V. I. Treefilov, “Effect of rare-earth metals on structure and properties of chromium,” Izv. AN SSSR. Metally, No. 2, 153–158 (1979).
L. I. Levi, B. M. Shugol, and L. Ya. Kozlov, “Effcet of yttrium, calcium, and Y–Ca-master alloys on some properties of nickel alloys,” Lit. Proizv., No. 9, 14–15 (1980).
Yu. A. Gratsianov, B. N. Kutnitsev, B. V. Molotilov, et al., Precision Alloys Metallurgy, Metallurgiya, Moscow (1975).
V. A. Efimov, Theoretical Bases of Steel Pouring, Izd. AN UkrSSR, Kiev (1960).
V. I. Trakhimovich, S. L. Chsityakov, E. D. Mokhir, et al., “Improved technology for producing steels 0Kh2N18 and Kh23N18,” Stal, No. 12, 1092–1094 (1965).
M. V. Pridantsev, A. I. Kondrat’ev, and B. S. Ivanov, “Effect of REM on steel 0Kh18N5G12B properties,” Izv. AN SSSR. Metally, No. 5, 58–60 (1966).
M. V. Pridantsev and T. P. Ostapenko, “Effect of REM on plasticity in a hot condition of austenitic stainless steels,” MiTOM, No. 7, 68–71 (1974).
Yu. N. Shelgaev, D. R. Povolotskii, M. M. Shteinberg, and I. G. Donets, “Effect of REM on properties of steels Kh18N10 and EI481,” Stal, No. 13, 256–258 (1969).
Ya. E. Goldshtein, S. N. Chivakina, M. N. Shmatko, and A. L. G. Sergeeva, “Effect of small additions Yttrium on hot ductility of corrosion-resistant steels, and alloys of the austenitic class,” MiTOM, No. 6, 20–22 (1978).
V. A. Golubtsov, V. G. Milyuts, and V. V. Sukanov, “Effect of combined modification on contamination with nonmetallic inclusions of shipbuilding steels,” Tyazh. Mash., No. 1, 2–5 (2013).
V. G. Milyuts, V. V. Tsukanov, O. Yu. Malyshina, et al., “Effect of combined modification of high-strength shipbuilding steel on composition and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions,” Vopr. Materialoved., No. 4, 5–14 (2013).
V. A. Golubtsov, A. Ya. Dynin, V. G. Milyuts, and V. V. Tsukanov, “Use of microcrystalline modifiers for preparing large ingots,” Tyazh. Mash., No. 6/7, 3–9 (2013).
V. A. Golubtsov, I. V. Ryabchikov, K. I. Yaroboi, et al., “Efficiency of using barium-containing combined filler alloy during steel smelting,” Stal, No. 8, 32–35 (2013).
V. G. Milyuts, V. V. Sukanov, V. Yu. Levagin, and V. A. Golubtsov, “Effect of treatment with barium-containing microcrystalline modifiers on the quality of high-strength shipbuilding steels,” Vopr. Materialoved., No. 1, 5–10 (2014).
V. G. Milyuts, N. F. Vladimirov, and Yu. M. Batov, “Development of technology for using high-strength casing steel for preparing thick sheet. Part 1,” Elektrometallurgiya, No. 9, 16–22 (2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
* For Part 1 see Metallurgist, No. 11, 1053–1061 (2015).
Translated from Metallurg, No. 1, pp. 41–48, January, 2016.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smirnov, L.A., Rovnushkin, V.A., Oryshchenko, A.S. et al. Modification of Steel and Alloys with Rare-Earth Elements. Part 2* . Metallurgist 60, 38–46 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0249-z
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0249-z