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Broad-scale heterogeneity influences nest selection by Brown-headed Cowbirds

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Abstract

Increasing habitat heterogeneity is widely considered to improve conditions for biodiversity. Yet benefits for native species depend on scale and the effect of heterogeneity on key processes influencing survival and reproduction. We examined the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and brood parasitism at multiple scales in a region characterized by (1) relatively high cowbird abundance, (2) high abundance of our focal species, the grassland obligate Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), (3) variation in the structure and composition of grassland habitats, and (4) a gradient of woodland cover in the landscape matrix. Tree cover at broad scales was found to have the greatest impact on parasitism while factors at finer scales were relatively unimportant. We found that for every 1 % increase in tree cover within 1 km of Grasshopper Sparrow nests, the probability of parasitism decreases by 3 %. Parasitism reduced clutch sizes and the number of Grasshopper Sparrows fledged, but survival rates were similar between non-parasitized and parasitized nests. Furthermore, simple population projection models indicated that parasitism has the greatest impact at moderate survival levels and can inhibit the resiliency of this population. Our results support the hypothesis that cowbirds prefer forest hosts, which may reduce parasitism rates on grassland birds in heterogeneous landscapes. Collectively, our findings suggest that the effect of cowbird parasitism may be greater for Grasshopper Sparrows than was previously thought.

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Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to all of the students and technicians that made this work possible; Megan Kirkwood, Joseph Lautenbach, Jonathan Lautenbach, Timothy Lyons, Devan McGranahan, Finn Pillsbury and Shannon Rusk. We also thank Ryan Harr for logistical help and support. This work was supported by funding from the Iowa State Wildlife Grants Program (T-1-R-15) in cooperation with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the US Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative (2006-35320-17476).

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Correspondence to Torre J. Hovick.

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Hovick, T.J., Miller, J.R. Broad-scale heterogeneity influences nest selection by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Landscape Ecol 28, 1493–1503 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9896-7

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