Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic analysis of landscape connectivity in tree populations

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Landscape Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Genetic connectivity in plant populations is determined by gene movement within and among populations. When populations become genetically isolated, they are at risk of loss of genetic diversity that is critical to the long-term survival of populations. Anthropogenic landscape change and habitat fragmentation have become so pervasive that they may threaten the genetic connectivity of many plant species. The theoretical consequences of such changes are generally understood, but it is not immediately apparent how concerned we should be for real organisms, distributed across real landscapes. Our goals here are to describe how one can study gene movement of both pollen and seeds in the context of changing landscapes and to explain what we have learned so far. In the first part, we will cover methods of describing pollen movement and then review evidence for the impact of fragmentation in terms of both the level of pollen flow into populations and the genetic diversity of the resulting progeny. In the second part, we will describe methods for contemporary seed movement, and describe findings about gene flow and genetic diversity resulting from seed movement. Evidence for pollen flow suggests high connectivity, but it appears that seed dispersal into fragments may create genetic bottlenecks due to limited seed sources. Future work should address the interaction of pollen and seed flow and attention needs to be paid to both gene flow and the diversity of the incoming gene pool. Moreover, if future work is to model the impact of changing landscapes on propagule movement, with all of its ensuing consequences for genetic connectivity and demographic processes, we will need an effective integration of population genetics and landscape ecology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • M. Abramowitz I.A. Stegun (1964) Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables U.S. Govt. Print. Office Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • W.T. Adams A.R. Griffin G.F. Moran (1992) ArticleTitleUsing paternity analysis to measure effective pollen dispersal in plant populations Am. Natural. 140 762–780 Occurrence Handle10.1086/285439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.R. Aldrich J.L. Hamrick (1998) ArticleTitleReproductive dominance of pasture trees in fragmented tropical forest mosaic Science 281 103–105 Occurrence Handle9651242 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksVOms7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.281.5373.103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Austerlitz P.H. Garnier-Gere (2003) ArticleTitleModeling the impact of colonisation on genetic diversity and differentiation of forest trees: interaction of life cyclepollen flow and seed long-distance dispersal Heredity 90 282–290 Occurrence Handle12692580 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7ntlKntQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.hdy.6800243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Austerlitz P.E. Smouse (2001) ArticleTitleTwo-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. II. Relation between τpollen dispersal and interfemale distance Genetics 157 851–857 Occurrence Handle11157001 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3osFWhtg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Austerlitz P.E. Smouse (2002) ArticleTitleTwo-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. IV. Estimating the dispersal parameter Genetics 161 355–363 Occurrence Handle12019249

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. Austerlitz C.W. Dick C. Dutech E.K. Klein S. Oddou-Muratorio P.E. Smouse V.L. Sork (2004) ArticleTitleUsing genetic markers to estimate the pollen dispersal curve Mol. Ecol. 13 937–954 Occurrence Handle15012767 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02100.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O. Berry M.D. Tocher S.D. Sarre (2004) ArticleTitleCan assignment tests measure dispersal? Mol. Ecol. 13 551–561 Occurrence Handle14871360 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.2081.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • I. Bossema (1979) ArticleTitleJays and oaks – eco-ethological study of a symbiosis Behaviour 70 1–117

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Brookshire C. Hauser (1993) The Missouri forest ecosystem project A.R. Gillespie G.R. Parker P.E. Pope G. Rink (Eds) Proceedings of the 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station St. Paul, Minnessota 289–306

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Burczyk W.T. Adams G.F. Moran A.R. Griffin (2002) ArticleTitleComplex patterns of mating revealed in a Eucalyptus regnans seed orchard using allozyme markers and the neighbourhood model Mol. Ecol. 11 2379–2391 Occurrence Handle12406248 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptlSls7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01603.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Burczyk I.J. Chybicki (2004) ArticleTitleCautions on direct gene flow estimation in plant populations Evolution 58 956–963 Occurrence Handle15212377 Occurrence Handle10.1554/03-200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Burczyk S.P. DiFazio W.T. Adams (2004) ArticleTitleGene flow in forest trees: how far do genes really travel? Forest Genet. 11 179–192 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtlKitLc%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Clark (1998) ArticleTitleWhy trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal biology and the paleorecord Am. Natural. 152 204–224 Occurrence Handle10.1086/286162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Cockerham B.S. Weir (1993) ArticleTitleEstimation of gene flow from F-statistics Evolution 47 855–863 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2410189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Cornuet S. Piry G. Luikart A. Estoup M. Solignac (1999) ArticleTitleNew methods employing multilocus genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals Genetics 153 1989–2000 Occurrence Handle10581301 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FltVKqsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Dalling H.C. Muller-Landau S.J. Wright S.P. Hubbell (2002) ArticleTitleRole of dispersal in the recruitment limitation of Neotropical pioneer species J. Ecol. 90 714–727 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00706.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Darley-Hill W.C. Johnson (1981) ArticleTitleAcorn dispersal by the blue jay Cyanocitta cristata Oecologia 50 231–232 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00348043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Davis (1981) Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities D.C. West H.H. Shugart D.B. Botkin (Eds) Forest Succession: Concepts and Application Springer-Verlag New York 132–153

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Devlin N.C. Ellstrand (1990) ArticleTitleThe development and application of a refined method for estimating gene flow from angiosperm paternity analysis Evolution 44 248–259 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2409404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.W. Dick G. Etchelecu F. Austerlitz (2003) ArticleTitlePollen dispersal of Neotropical trees (Dinizia excelsa: Fabaceae) by native insects and African honeybees in pristine and fragmented Amazonian rainforest Mol. Ecol. 12 753–764 Occurrence Handle12675830 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01760.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B.D. Dow M.V. Ashley (1996) ArticleTitleMicrosatellite analysis of seed dispersal and parentage of saplings in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Mol. Ecol. 5 615–627

    Google Scholar 

  • B.K. Dunphy J.L. Hamrick J. Schwagerl (2004) ArticleTitleA comparison of direct and indirect measures of gene flow in the bat-pollinated tree Hymenaea courbaril in the dry forest life zone of southwestern Puerto Rico Int. J. Plant Sci. 165 427–436 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtFGitrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1086/382802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer R.J. 2002. Contemporary pollen movement in shortleaf pine, Pinus echinata Mill. Ph.D. Dissertion. Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 140 pp.

  • N.C. Ellstrand (1984) ArticleTitleMultiple paternity within the fruits of the wild radish Raphanus sativus Am. Natural. 123 819–828 Occurrence Handle10.1086/284241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N.C. Ellstrand D.R. Elam (1993) ArticleTitlePopulation genetics of small population size: implications for plant conservation Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23 217–242 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.K. Epperson (2003) Geographical Genetics Princeton University Press Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Essen-Moller (1938) ArticleTitleDie Beweiskraft der Ähnlichkeit im Vatershaftsnachweis Theoretische Grundlagen. Mitt. Anthropol. Ges. Wien 68 9–53

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Excoffier P.E. Smouse J.M. Quattro (1992) ArticleTitleAnalysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data Genetics 131 479–491 Occurrence Handle1644282 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsVCntro%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-M J.J. and Sork V.L. 2005. Mating patterns of a subdivided population of the Andean oak (Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. Fagaceae). J. Hered.

  • Fernández-M J.J. and Sork V.L. Patterns of genetic variation in fragmented forest stands of the Andean oak Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. (Fagaceae). Biotropica (in press).

  • R. Frankham J.D. Ballou D.A. Briscoe (2002) Introduction to Conservation Genetics Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Fuchs J.A. Lobo M. Quesada (2003) ArticleTitleEffects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive success and mating patterns of the tropical dry forest tree Pachira quinata Conserv. Biol. 17 149–157 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01140.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Gerber P. Chabrier A. Kremer (2003) ArticleTitleFAMOZ: a software for parentage analysis using dominantcodominant and uniparentally inherited markers Mol. Ecol. Notes 3 479–481 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvVKqsb8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00439.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Godoy P. Jordano (2001) ArticleTitleSeed dispersal by animals: exact identification of source trees with endocarp DNA microsatellites Mol. Ecol. 10 2275–2283 Occurrence Handle11555269 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrgslWiug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01342.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Grivet V.L. Sork P.E. Smouse (2005) ArticleTitleA novel approach to an old problem: tracking dispersed seeds Mol. Ecol. 14 3585–3595 Occurrence Handle16156825 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02680.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Hamrick (2004) ArticleTitleResponse of forest trees to global environmental changes Forest Ecol. Manage. 197 323–335 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Hamrick J.D. Nason (2000) Gene flow in forest trees T.J.B. Boyle A. Young D. Boshier (Eds) Forest Conservation Genetics: Principles and Practice CIFOR and CSIRO Australia 81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Harrison A. Hastings (1996) ArticleTitleGenetic and evolutionary consequences of metapopulation structure Trends Ecol. Evol. 11 180–183 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0169-5347(96)20008-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.H. He S.L. Krauss B.B. Lamont B.P. Miller N.J. Enright (2004) ArticleTitleLong-distance seed dispersal in a metapopulation of Banksia hookeriana inferred from a population allocation analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data Mol. Ecol. 13 1099–1109 Occurrence Handle15078448 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktl2rs7s%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02120.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holderegger R., Kamm U. and Gugerli F. The meaning of genetic diversity. Landscape Ecol.

  • A.J. Irwin J.L. Hamrick M.J.W. Godt P.E. Smouse (2003) ArticleTitleA multi-year estimate of the effective pollen donor pool for Albizia julibrissin Heredity 90 187–194 Occurrence Handle12634826 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7itVegtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.hdy.6800215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. James S. Vege P. Aldrich J.L. Hamrick (1998) ArticleTitleMating systems of three tropical dry forest tree species Biotropica 30 587–594 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00098.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Kabrick R.G. Jensen S.R. Shifley D.R. Larsen (2002) Wood vegetation following even-ageduneven-agedand no-harvest treatments on the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project sites S.R. Shifley J.M. Kabrick (Eds) Proc. Second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Symposium: Post-treatment Results of the Landscape Experiment; 2000 October 17–18; St. Louis, MO U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station St. Paul, MN 84–101

    Google Scholar 

  • V. LeCorre N. Machon R.J. Petit A. Kremer (1997) ArticleTitleColonization with long-distance seed dispersal and genetic structure of maternally inherited genes in forest trees: a simulation study Genet. Res. 69 117–125 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0016672397002668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F.T. Ledig (1992) ArticleTitleHuman impacts on genetic diversity in forest ecosystems Oikos 63 87–108

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Manel O.E. Gaggiotti R.S. Waples (2005) ArticleTitleAssignment methods: matching biological questions with appropriate techniques Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 136–142 Occurrence Handle16701357 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.tree.2004.12.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Manel M.K. Schwartz G. Luikart P. Taberlet (2003) ArticleTitleLandscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 189–197 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.C. Marshall J. Slate L.E.B. Kruuk J.M. Pemberton (1998) ArticleTitleStatistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations Mol. Ecol. 7 639–655 Occurrence Handle9633105 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ps1Olsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00374.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. McLachlan J.S. Clark S. Manos Paul (2005) ArticleTitleMolecular indicators of tree migration capacity under rapid climate change Ecology 86 2088–2098

    Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Meagher E. Thompson (1987) ArticleTitleAnalysis of parentage for naturally established seedlings of Chamaelirium luteum Liliaceae Ecology 68 803–812 Occurrence Handle10.2307/1938351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Nason J.L. Hamrick (1997) ArticleTitleReproductive and genetic consequences of forest fragmentation: two case studies of Neotropical canopy trees J. Hered. 88 264–276

    Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Nason E.A. Herre J.L. Hamrick (1996) ArticleTitlePaternity analysis of the breeding structure of strangler fig populations: evidence for substantial long-distance wasp dispersal J. Biogeogr. 23 501–512

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Paetkau R. Slade M. Burden A. Estoup (2004) ArticleTitleGenetic assignment methods for the directreal-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power Mol. Ecol. 13 55–65 Occurrence Handle14653788 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhs1WksLY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02008.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Peakall P.E. Smouse D.R. Huff (1995) ArticleTitleEvolutionary implications of allozyme and RAPD variation in diploid populations of dioecious buffalograss (Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) Mol. Ecol. 4 135–147 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXls1CjsL0%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Pielou (1979) Biogeography Wiley-Interscience New York, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • J.K. Pritchard M. Stephens P. Donnelly (2000) ArticleTitleInference of population structure using multilocus genotype data Genetics 155 945–959 Occurrence Handle10835412 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvislKrtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Rannala J.L. Mountain (1997) ArticleTitleDetecting immigration using multilocus genotypes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 9197–9201 Occurrence Handle9256459 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Kls7w%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Ritland (1989) ArticleTitleCorrelated matings in the partial selfer Mimulus guttatus Evolution 43 848–859 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2409312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Ritland (1990) ArticleTitleA series of FORTRAN computer programs for estimating plant mating systems J. Hered. 81 235–237

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Robledo-Arnuncio R. Alía L. Gil (2004) ArticleTitleIncreased selfing and correlated paternity in a small population of a predominantly outcrossing coniferPinus sylvestris Mol. Ecol. 13 2567–2577 Occurrence Handle15315671 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvhtFOruw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02251.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O.J. Rocha G. Aguilar (2001) ArticleTitleVariation in the breeding behavior of the dry forest tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Guanacaste) in Costa Rica Am. J. Bot. 88 1600–1606

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Roeder B. Devlin B.G. Lindsay (1989) ArticleTitleApplications of maximum likelihood methods to population genetic data for the estimation of individual fertilities Biometrics 45 363–379 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2531483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.E. Russo C.K. Augspurger (2004) ArticleTitleAggregated seed dispersal by spider monkeys limits recruitment to clumped patterns in Virola calophylla Ecol. Lett. 7 1058–1067 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00668.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Saunders R.J. Hobbs C.R. Margules (1991) ArticleTitleBiological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review Conserv. Biol. 5 18–32 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Schnabel (1998) Parentage analysis in plants: mating systems, gene flow, and relative fitness G.R. Carvalho (Eds) Advances in Molecular Ecology IOS Press Burke, Virginia, USA 173–189

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Schnabel J. Nason J. Hamrick (1998) ArticleTitleUnderstanding the population genetic structure of Gleditsia triacanthos L.: seed dispersal and variation in female reproductive success Mol. Ecol. 7 819–832 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00397.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.U. Sezen R.L. Chazdon K.E. Holsinger (2005) ArticleTitleGenetic consequences of tropical second-growth forest regeneration Science 307 891–891 Occurrence Handle15705843 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVGrsbg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1105034

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Smouse C. Chevillon (1998) ArticleTitleAnalytical aspects of population-specific DNA-fingerprinting for individuals J. Hered. 89 143–150 Occurrence Handle9542162 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXivVSjsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/jhered/89.2.143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Smouse R.J. Dyer R.D. Westfall V.L. Sork (2001) ArticleTitleTwo-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females Evolution 55 260–271 Occurrence Handle11308084 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisFOksr0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0260:TGAOPF]2.0.CO;2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Smouse T.R. Meagher C.J. Kobak (1999) ArticleTitleParentage analysis in Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray (Liliaceae): why do some males have higher reproductive contributions? J. Evol. Biol. 12 1069–1077 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00114.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Smouse V.L. Sork (2004) ArticleTitleMeasuring pollen flow in forest trees: a comparison of alternative approaches Forest Ecol. Manage. 197 21–38 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Soons G.W. Heil R. Nathan G.G. Katul (2004) ArticleTitleDeterminants of long-distance seed dispersal by wind in grasslands Ecology 85 3056–3068

    Google Scholar 

  • V.L. Sork J. Nason D.R. Campbell J.F. Fernández (1999) ArticleTitleLandscape approaches to historical and contemporary gene flow in plants Trends Ecol. Evol. 14 219–224 Occurrence Handle10354623 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01585-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V.L. Sork F.W. Davis P.E. Smouse V.J. Apsit R.J. Dyer J.F. Fernandez B. Kuhn (2002) ArticleTitlePollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: where have all the fathers gone? Mol. Ecol. 11 1657–1668 Occurrence Handle12207717 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38vosleltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01574.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V.L. Sork P.E. Smouse V.J. Apsit R.J. Dyer R.D. Westfall (2005) ArticleTitleA two-generation analysis of pollen pool genetic structure in flowering dogwoodCornus florida (Cornaceae), in the Missouri Ozarks Am. J. Bot. 92 262–271 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvFOisbk%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Streiff A. Ducousso C. Lexer H. Steinkellner J. Gloessl A. Kramer (1999) ArticleTitlePollen dispersal inferred from paternity analysis in a mixed oak stand of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl Mol. Ecol. 8 831–841 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00637.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G.M. White D.H. Boshier W. Powell (2002) ArticleTitleIncreased pollen flow counteracts fragmentation in a tropical dry forest: an example from Swietenia humilis Zuccarini Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2038–2042 Occurrence Handle11842203 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitVSrsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.042649999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Wright (1943) ArticleTitleIsolation by distance Genetics 28 114–138

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Wright (1946) ArticleTitleIsolation by distance under diverse systems of mating Genetics 31 39–59

    Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Wright H.C. Duber (2001) ArticleTitlePoachers and forest fragmentation alter seed dispersal, seed survival, and seedling recruitment in the palm Attalea butyraceaewith implications for tropical tree diversity Biotropica 33 583–595

    Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Young T. Boyle T. Brown (1996) ArticleTitleThe population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants Trends Ecol. Evol. 11 413–418 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Young G.M. Clarke (Eds) (2000) Genetics, Demography, and Viability of Fragmented Populations Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of the Environment, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA

    Victoria L. Sork

  2. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901-8551

    Peter E. Smouse

Authors
  1. Victoria L. Sork
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter E. Smouse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victoria L. Sork.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sork, V.L., Smouse, P.E. Genetic analysis of landscape connectivity in tree populations. Landscape Ecol 21, 821–836 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-5415-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-5415-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation