Abstract
A chromium gel formed through the cross-linking reaction with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and Cr3+, known as Cr3+ gel, has been demonstrated to use in petroleum engineering for its special mechanical properties in this paper. This study has revealed that the addition of cellulose can successfully enhance the gas sealing ability of a gel slug in a wellbore. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to understand the cross-linked structure of the Cr3+ gel. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were studied, revealing that the maximum tensile strain increased from 2.07 to 3.45 with shear strains increasing from 1.32 to 1.45. Additionally, the cementing strength of modified gel characterized by the maximum pull-out force decreased from 13.1 to 7.2 N. The pull-out force changed smoothly with the displacement due to the viscous resistance increased. In this study, a systemic test method for the mechanical properties of Cr3+ gel was proposed, and the roles of cellulose in enhancing the toughness and viscosity of gel were attained.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yang H, Wang LG (2009) Underbalanced drilling theory and practice. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing
Hu T, Zeng QX, Li HL, Xi Y (2012) Study and application of smart pack completion technology. Oil Drill Prod Technol 34:32–35
Chen C, Lei Y, Liu DJ, Yin YC, Wang T, Li XH (2012) Application of smart packer technology in underbalanced completion. In: IDAC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition
Liu DJ, Liao RQ, Zhang ML, Zhang J (2013) Technology and application of gel valve. Drill Prod Technol 36(28–29):33
Gabr MH, Elrahman MA, Okubo K (2010) Effect of microfibrillated cellulose on mechanical properties of plain-woven CFRP reinforced epoxy. Compos Struct 92:1999–2006
Lönnberg H, Fogelström L, Zhou Q, Hult A, Berglund L, Malmström E (2011) Investigation of the graft length impact on the interfacial toughness in a cellulose/poly(ε-caprolactone) bilayer laminate. Compos Sci Technol 71:9–12
Bledzki AK, Mamun AA, Feldmann M (2012) Polyoxymethylene composites with natural and cellulose fibres: toughness and heat deflection temperature. Compos Sci Technol 72:1870–1874
Alamri H, Low IM, Alothman Z (2012) Mechanical, thermal and microstructural characteristics of cellulose fibre reinforced epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 43:2762–2771
Yeboah D, Taylor S, McPolin D, Gilfillan R (2013) Pull-out behaviour of axially loaded basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) rods bonded perpendicular to the grain of glulam elements. Constr Build Mater 38:962–969
Fava G, Carvelli V, Poggi C (2013) Pull-out strength of glued-in FRP plates bonded in glulam. Constr Build Mater 43:362–371
Cai WS, Huang RHN (2001) Study on gelation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide with Titanium(IV). Eur Polym J 37:1553–1559
Zhou CJ, Lee SY, Dooley K, Wu QL (2013) A facile approach to fabricate porous nanocomposite gels based on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and cellulose nanocrystals for adsorbing methylene blue at low concentrations. J Hazard Mater 263:334–341
Martínez-Padilla LP, López-Araiza F, Tecante A (2004) Steady and oscillatory shear behavior of fluid gels formed by binary mixtures of xanthan and gellan. Food Hydrocoll 18:471–481
Karaman S, Yilmaz MT, Dogan M, Yetim H, Kayacier A (2011) Dynamic oscillatory shear properties of O/W model system meat emulsions: linear viscoelastic analysis for effect of temperature and oil concentration on protein network formation. J Food Eng 107:241–252
Carrillo-Navas H, Avila-de la Rosa G, Gómez-Luría D, Meraz M, Alvarez-Ramirez J, Vernon-Carter EJ (2014) Impact of ghosts on the viscoelastic response of gelatinized cornstarch dispersions subjected to small strain deformations. Carbohydr Polym 110:156–162
Ciambella J, Paolone A, Vidoli S (2014) Identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials at low frequency: performance, ill-conditioning and extrapolation capabilities of fractional and exponential models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 37:286–298
Hart-Smith LJ (1998) Predictions of a generalized maximum-shear-stress failure criterion for certain fibrous composite laminates. Compos Sci Technol 58:1179–1208
Lin J, Chan LC, Wang L (2010) Prediction of forming limit diagrams based on shear failure criterion. Int J Solids Struct 47:2855–2865
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei (2015CFC858) and Innovation Fund of China National Petroleum Corporation (2014D-5006-0309).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, ML., Liao, RQ., Cheng, L. et al. Research on modifying effects of cellulose on the mechanical properties of chromium gel. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 79, 201–209 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4021-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4021-4