Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment is an attractive issue. The discovery of new antibiotics often does not respond to the rapidly increasing bacterial resistance and needs innovative approaches to combat bacterial infections. The NPs size-dependent strong anti-bactericidal effect of Zn1−x Fe x O is inspected. Iron (Fe)-doped zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) with composition Zn1−x Fe x O, where x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 are synthesized by sol–gel method from nitrate precursors and gelatin at fixed calcination temperature of 650 °C maintained for 2 h. The effects of Fe contents on the antibacterial and structural features of these NPs are inspected. XRD patterns display the single-crystalline nature of samples that exist in hexagonal wurtzite phase. SEM images reveal the existence of nearly spherical-shaped single-crystalline NPs. The observed broadening in the X-ray peaks confirms the evolution of crystalline phases in Zn1−x Fe x O NPs. A quantitative analysis of the size-dependent strain effects is performed through Williamson–Hall and size–strain plot, and its impact of strain on peak broadening is demonstrated. The values of strain, stress, and energy density are calculated. The estimated NPs mean size from FESEM and size–strain plot (SSP) is found to be in close agreement. ZnO NPs in the presence of Fe show some inhibition toward E. coli bacterial growth. Fe acting as impurity in the ZnO nanostructure enhances the power oxidation of ZnO resulting in an augmentation of antimicrobial activity.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu C, Liu Z, Li J, Li Y, Han J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Ya J (2013) Cu-doping ZnO/ZnS nanorods serve as the photoanode to enhance photocurrent and conversion efficiency. Microelectron Eng 103:12–16
Saidani T, Zaabat M, Aida M, Benaboud A, Benzitouni S (2014) Influence of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological and optical properties of Cu doped ZnO thin films deposited by the sol–gel method. Superlattices Microstruct 75:47–53
Ridhuan NS, Razak KA, Lockman Z, Aziz AA (2012) Structural and morphology of ZnO nanorods synthesized using ZnO seeded growth hydrothermal method and its properties as UV sensing. PLoS ONE 7:e50405
Al-Hada NM, Saion EB, Shaari AH, Kamarudin MA, Flaifel MH, Ahmad SH, Gene SA (2014) A facile thermal-treatment route to synthesize ZnO nanosheets and effect of calcination temperature. PLoS ONE 9:e103134
Li C, Du X, Lu W, Liu K, Chang J, Chen S, Yue D, Wang Z (2012) Luminescent single-crystal ZnO nanorods: Controlled synthesis through altering the solvents composition. Mater Lett 81:229–231
Saw KG, Tneh SS, Tan GL, Yam FK, Ng SS, Hassan Z (2014) Ohmic-rectifying conversion of Ni contacts on ZnO and the possible determination of ZnO thin film surface polarity. PLoS ONE 9:e86544
Baltakesmez A, Tekmen S, Köç P, Tüzemen S, Meral K, Onganer Y (2013) UV–visible detector and LED based n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction formed by electrodeposition. AIP Adv 3:032125
Thomas D, Abraham J, Sunil CV, Augustine S, Dennis Thomas T (2014) Antibacterial activity of pure and cadmium doped ZnO thin film. Am J Pharm Res 4:1612–1616
Efafi B, Ghamsari MS, Aberoumand M, Ara M, Ghamsari A, Rad HH (2014) Aluminum doped ZnO sol–gel derived nanocrystals: Raman spectroscopy and solid solubility characterization. Phys Status Solidi A 211(10):2426–2430
Rad MS, Kompany A, Zak AK, Javidi M, Mortazavi S (2013) Microleakage and antibacterial properties of ZnO and ZnO: Ag nanopowders prepared via a sol–gel method for endodontic sealer application. J Nanopart Res 15:1–8
Darroudi M, Sabouri Z, Kazemi Oskuee R, Khorsand Zak A, Kargar H, Hamid MHNA (2013) Sol–gel synthesis, characterization, and neurotoxicity effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles using gum tragacanth. Ceram Int 39:9195–9199
Liu Y, Tai K, Dillon SJ (2013) Growth kinetics and morphological evolution of ZnO precipitated from solution. Chem Mater 25:2927–2933
Herring NP, Panchakarla LS, El-Shall MS (2014) P-type nitrogen-doped ZnO nanostructures with controlled shape and doping level by facile microwave synthesis. Langmuir 30:2230–2240
Matsuda T, Furuta M, Hiramatsu T, Furuta H, Kimura M, Hirao T (2014) Low temperature ZnO TFT fabricated on SiO × gate insulator deposited by facing electrodes chemical vapor deposition, Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD). In: 2014 21st International Workshop on, IEEE, 2014, pp 267–268
Al-Salman HS, Abdullah M (2013) RF sputtering enhanced the morphology and photoluminescence of multi-oriented ZnO nanostructure produced by chemical vapor deposition. J Alloy Compd 547:132–137
Kumar S, Surendar T, Das D, Kumar B, Shanker V (2013) Hierarchical ZnO “rod like” architecture synthesized via reverse micellar route for improved photocatalytic activity. Mater Lett 101:33–36
Shewale P, Agawane G, Shin S, Moholkar A, Lee J, Kim J, Uplane M (2013) Thickness dependent H2S sensing properties of nanocrystalline ZnO thin films derived by advanced spray pyrolysis. Sens Actuators B Chem 177:695–702
Wayu MB, Spidle RT, Devkota T, Deb AK, Delong RK, Ghosh KC, Wanekaya AK, Chusuei CC (2013) Morphology of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles tethered to carbon nanotubes affects electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 detection. Electrochim Acta 97:99–104
Wang J-L, Hsieh T-Y, Yang P-Y, Hwang C-C, Shye D-C, Lee I-C (2013) Oxygen annealing effect on field-emission characteristics of hydrothermally synthesized Al-doped ZnO nanowires. Surf Coat Technol 231:423–427
Lee S-J, Choi J, Park D-W (2013) Synthesis of ZnO nanopowders by DC thermal plasma for dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Sci Eng, B 178:489–495
Mahajan C, Takwale M (2014) Intermittent spray pyrolytic growth of nanocrystalline and highly oriented transparent conducting ZnO thin films: effect of solution spray rate. J Alloy Compd 584:128–135
Ahmad M, Ahmed E, Zhang Y, Khalid N, Xu J, Ullah M, Hong Z (2013) Preparation of highly efficient Al-doped ZnO photocatalyst by combustion synthesis. Curr Appl Phys 13:697–704
Kamalianfar A, Halim S, Khorsand Zak A (2014) Synthesis of ZnO/Cu micro and nanostructures via a vapor phase transport method using different tube systems. Ceram Int 40:3193–3198
Yousefi R, Jamali-Sheini F, Saaedi A, Zak AK, Cheraghizade M, Pilban-Jahromi S, Ming Huang N (2013) Influence of lead concentration on morphology and optical properties of Pb-doped ZnO nanowires. Ceram Int 39:9115–9119
Yousefi R, Zak AK, Jamali-Sheini F (2013) The effect of group-I elements on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Ceram Int 39:1371–1377
Yousefi R, Zak AK, Jamali-Sheini F (2013) Growth, X-ray peak broadening studies, and optical properties of Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Mater Sci Semicond Process 16:771–777
Yousefi R, Zak AK, Mahmoudian M (2011) Growth and characterization of Cl-doped ZnO hexagonal nanodisks. J Solid State Chem 184:2678–2682
Zak AK, Majid WA, Abrishami ME, Yousefi R, Parvizi R (2012) Synthesis, magnetic properties and X-ray analysis of Zn0.97X0.03O nanoparticles (X = Mn, Ni, and Co) using Scherrer and size–strain plot methods. Solid State Sci 14:488–494
Zak AK, Yousefi R, Majid WA, Muhamad M (2012) Facile synthesis and X-ray peak broadening studies of Zn1−x Mg x O nanoparticles. Ceram Int 38:2059–2064
Zamiri R, Zakaria A, Jorfi R, Zamiri G, Mojdehi MS, Ahangar HA, Zak AK (2013) Laser assisted fabrication of ZnO/Ag and ZnO/Au core/shell nanocomposites. Appl Phys A 111:487–493
Ramgir NS, Hwang YK, Mulla IS, Chang J-S (2006) Effect of particle size and strain in nanocrystalline SnO2 according to doping concentration of ruthenium. Solid State Sci 8:359–362
Dutta RK, Sharma PK, Bhargava R, Kumar N, Pandey AC (2010) Differential susceptibility of Escherichia coli cells toward transition metal-doped and matrix-embedded ZnO nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 114:5594–5599
Shi L-E, Li Z-H, Zheng W, Zhao Y-F, Jin Y-F, Tang Z-X (2014) Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: a review. Food Addit Contam A 31:173–186
Nair MG, Nirmala M, Rekha K, Anukaliani A (2011) Structural, optical, photo catalytic and antibacterial activity of ZnO and Co doped ZnO nanoparticles. Mater Lett 65:1797–1800
Rekha K, Nirmala M, Nair MG, Anukaliani A (2010) Structural, optical, photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide and manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Phys B 405:3180–3185
Asgharzadehahmadi SA (2012) Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide based hydrogel containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Fu G, Vary PS, Lin C-T (2005) Anatase TiO2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings. J Phys Chem B 109:8889–8898
Cullity BD, Stock SR (2001) Elements of X-ray diffraction. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Khorsand Zak A (2010) Characterization and X-ray peak broadening analysis in PZT nanoparticles prepared by modified sol–gel method. Ceram Int 36:1905–1910
KhorsandZak A, Majid WA, Abrishami M, Yousefi R (2011) X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot methods. Solid State Sci 13:251–256
Zhang J-M, Zhang Y, Xu K-W, Ji V (2006) General compliance transformation relation and applications for anisotropic hexagonal metals. Solid State Commun 139:87–91
Nye JF (1957) Physical properties of crystals: their representation by tensors and matrices. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ (2002) Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18:6679–6686
Busscher H, Bos R, Van der Mei H, Handley P, Baszkin A, Norde W (2000) In: Baszkin A, Norde W (eds) Physical chemistry of biological interfaces. Marcel Dekker, New York
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to the Malaysian Ministry of Education and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, for financial support through Grant Nos. 4F291 (FRGS) and RDU140365.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mahmoudi Khatir, N., Abdul-Malek, Z., Zak, A.K. et al. Sol–gel grown Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles: antibacterial and structural behaviors. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 78, 91–98 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3922-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3922-y