Abstract
In this work, an ion-imprinted fluorescent sensor by combining sol–gel processing and spin coating was developed. Fluorescent functional silane was first synthesized and reacted with tetramethoxysilane to obtain sol–gel-derived materials and then used as a receptor for selective removal and sensing of Hg2+ in aqueous solution. Ion-imprinted material synthesized in the presence of Hg2+ was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis and thermogravimetric analysis by comparing with non-imprinted material obtained in the absence of Hg2+. Surface area, pore volume and diameter were analyzed from the profile of nitrogen adsorption. It was observed that fluorescent sol–gel film exhibits distinctive change in fluorescence emission upon interaction with Hg2+. Steady-state fluorescence experiments were performed for spectral characterization of the films, and the advancement of the reaction was defined. The shift in emission maxima and other spectral changes of the different matrices have been identified, and gelation time of sol–gel network was revealed by monitoring the emission of fluorescent silane in pre-gel solution. The corresponding selectivity factors of the imprinted fluorescent film toward Hg2+ against the other analogs were evaluated.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mudgal V, Madaan N, Mudgal A, Singh R, Mishra S (2010) Effect of toxic metals on human health. Open Nutraceuticals J 3:94–99
Carvalho CM, Chew E-H, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A (2008) Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system a molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem 283(18):11913–11923
de Ferri L, Lottici PP, Lorenzi A, Montenero A, Vezzalini G (2013) Hybrid sol–gel based coatings for the protection of historical window glass. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 66(2):253–263
Hernández-Escolano M, Juan-Díaz M, Martínez-Ibáñez M, Suay J, Goñi I, Gurruchaga M (2013) Synthesis of hybrid sol–gel materials and their biological evaluation with human mesenchymal stem cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med 24(6):1491–1499
Wencel D, Barczak M, Borowski P, McDonagh C (2012) The development and characterisation of novel hybrid sol–gel-derived films for optical pH sensing. J Mater Chem 22(23):11720–11729
Tripathi VS, Kandimalla VB, Ju H (2006) Preparation of ormosil and its applications in the immobilizing biomolecules. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 114(2):1071–1082
Kassal P, Šurina R, Vrsaljko D, Steinberg IM (2014) Hybrid sol–gel thin films doped with a pH indicator: effect of organic modification on optical pH response and film surface hydrophilicity. J Sol-Gel Technol 69(3):586–595
Tang Q, Gong C, Lam MH-W, Fu X (2011) Photoregulated uptake and release of drug by an organic–inorganic hybrid sol–gel material. J Sol-Gel Technol 59(3):495–504
Markovics Á, Kovács B (2013) Fabrication of optical chemical ammonia sensors using anodized alumina supports and sol–gel method. Talanta 109:101–106
Lukowiak A, Strek W (2009) Sensing abilities of materials prepared by sol–gel technology. J Sol-Gel Technol 50(2):201–215
Güney O, Cebeci FÇ (2010) Molecularly imprinted fluorescent polymers as chemosensors for the detection of mercury ions in aqueous media. J Appl Polym Sci 117(4):2373–2379
Gupta R, Kumar A (2011) Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel-derived molecular imprinted polymeric materials for cholesterol recognition. J Sol-Gel Technol 58(1):182–194
Amini M, Khezri B, Firooz A (2008) Development of a highly sensitive and selective optical chemical sensor for batch and flow-through determination of mercury ion. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 131(2):470–478
Moorthy MS, Tapaswi PK, Park SS, Mathew A, Cho H-J, Ha C-S (2013) Ion-imprinted mesoporous silica hybrids for selective recognition of target metal ions. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 180:162–171
Fan H-T, Sun X-T, Li W-X (2014) Sol–gel derived ion-imprinted silica-supported organic–inorganic hybrid sorbent for selective removal of lead(II) from aqueous solution. J Sol-Gel Technol 72(1):144–155
Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Pandarus V, Fo Béland, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M (2013) The sol–gel route to advanced silica-based materials and recent applications. Chem Rev 113(8):6592–6620
Back F, Bockmeyer M, Rudigier-Voigt E, Löbmann P (2013) Hybrid polymer sol–gel material for uv-nanoimprint: microstructure and thermal densification. J Sol-Gel Technol 66(1):73–83
Ghazzal M, Joseph M, Kebaili H, De Coninck J, Gaigneaux EM (2012) Tuning the selectivity and sensitivity of mesoporous dielectric multilayers by modifiying the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance of the silica layer. J Mater Chem 22(42):22526–22532
Xu S, Chen L, Li J, Guan Y, Lu H (2012) Novel Hg2+-imprinted polymers based on thymine–Hg2+–thymine interaction for highly selective preconcentration of Hg2+ in water samples. J Hazard Mater 237:347–354
Firouzzare M, Wang Q (2012) Synthesis and characterization of a high selective mercury(II)-imprinted polymer using novel aminothiol monomer. Talanta 101:261–266
Dakova I, Yordanova T, Karadjova I (2012) Non-chromatographic mercury speciation and determination in wine by new core–shell ion-imprinted sorbents. J Hazard Mater 231:49–56
He C, Zhu W, Xu Y, Chen T, Qian X (2009) Trace mercury (II) detection and separation in serum and water samples using a reusable bifunctional fluorescent sensor. Anal Chim Acta 651(2):227–233
Tan J, Wang H-F, Yan X-P (2009) A fluorescent sensor array based on ion imprinted mesoporous silica. Biosens Bioelectron 24(11):3316–3321
Karagöz F, Güney O (2014) Elucidation of selectivity for uranyl ions with an ICT organosilane-modified fluorescent receptor. J Fluoresc 24(3):727–733
Karagöz F, Güney O, Kandaz M, Bilgiçli AT (2012) Acridine-derivated receptor for selective mercury binding based on chelation-enhanced fluorescence effect. J Lumin 132(10):2736–2740
Badiei A, Goldooz H, Ziarani GM (2011) A novel method for preparation of 8-hydroxyquinoline functionalized mesoporous silica: aluminum complexes and photoluminescence studies. Appl Surf Sci 257(11):4912–4918
Monier M, Abdel-Latif DA (2013) Synthesis and characterization of ion-imprinted chelating fibers based on PET for selective removal of Hg2+. Chem Eng J 221:452–460
Wu G, Wang Z, Wang J, Hea C (2007) Hierarchically imprinted organic–inorganic hybrid sorbent for selective separation of mercury ion from aqueous solution. Anal Chim Acta 582:304–310
RandalláLee T (2015) Morphological control and plasmonic tuning of nanoporous gold disks by surface modifications. J Mater Chem-C 3(2):247–252
El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA (2013) Optical mesosensor for capturing of Fe(III) and Hg(II) ions from water and physiological fluids. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 183:58–70
Tsiourvas D, Tsetsekou A, Papavasiliou A, Arkas M, Boukos N (2013) A novel hybrid sol–gel method for the synthesis of highly porous silica employing hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) as a reactive template. Micropor Mesopor Mater 175:59–66
Chen S-Y, Ting C-C, Li C-H (2002) Fluorescence enhancement and structural development of sol–gel derived Er3+-doped SiO2 by yttrium codoping. J Mater Chem 12(4):1118–1123
Tan J, Wang H-F, Yan X-P (2009) A fluorescent sensor array based on ion imprinted mesoporous silica. Biosens Bioelectron 24:3316–3321
Güney O (2003) Multiple-point adsorption of terbium ions by lead ion templated thermosensitive gel: elucidating recognition of conformation in gel by terbium probe. J Mol Recognit 16(2):67–71
Orłowska M, Kłonkowski AM, Jezierska J, Ryl J (2013) Luminescence recognition material as an INHIBIT logic gate in presence of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 186:396–406
Yang Y, Cheng T, Zhu W, Xu Y, Xuhong Qian X (2011) Highly selective and sensitive near-infrared fluorescent sensors for cadmium in aqueous solution. Org Lett 13(2):264–267
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Istanbul Technical University (BAP, Project No: 36236) for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Human rights and animal statement
This manuscript submitted does not contain any studies with human participants and animals.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karagöz, F., Güney, O. Development and characterization of ion-imprinted sol–gel-derived fluorescent film for selective recognition of mercury(II) ion. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 76, 349–357 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3783-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3783-4